Ekwakheni ukushintshwa kwamandla kagesi, uma ibhodi le-PCB lingaklanywanga ngendlela efanele, lizokhipha ukuphazamiseka kazibuthe kagesi okuningi kakhulu. Idizayini yebhodi le-PCB enomsebenzi wokuphakelwa kwamandla ozinzile manje ifingqa amaqhinga ayisikhombisa: ngokuhlaziywa kwezindaba ezidinga ukunakwa esinyathelweni ngasinye, ukwakheka kwebhodi le-PCB kungenziwa kalula isinyathelo ngesinyathelo!

1. Inqubo yokuklama ukusuka ku-schema kuya ku-PCB

Misa amapharamitha engxenye -> i-netlist yesimiso sokufakwayo -> izilungiselelo zepharamitha yokuklama -> ukwakheka okwenziwa ngesandla -> izintambo ezenziwa ngesandla -> qinisekisa ukwakheka -> buyekeza -> okukhiphayo kwe-CAM.

2. Ukulungiselelwa kwepharamitha

Ibanga phakathi kwezintambo eziseduze kufanele likwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha zikagesi, futhi ukuze kube lula ukusebenza nokukhiqiza, ibanga kufanele libe banzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Isikhala esincane kufanele okungenani sifaneleke ku-voltage ebekezeleleka. Uma ukuminyana kwezintambo kuphansi, ukuhlukana kwemigqa yesignali kungandiswa ngokufanelekile. Olayini besignali abanegebe elikhulu phakathi kwamazinga aphezulu naphansi, isikhala kufanele sibe sifushane ngangokunokwenzeka futhi isikhala kufanele sande. Ngokuvamile, Setha isikhala sokulandelela sibe sikhulu kuno-1mm ukusuka onqenqemeni lwembobo engaphakathi yephedi ukuya onqenqemeni lwebhodi eliphrintiwe, ukuze ugweme amaphutha ephedi ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Lapho imikhondo exhunywe kuma-pads incane, ukuxhumana phakathi kwama-pads kanye nemikhondo kufanele kuklanywe ngendlela yokudonsa. Inzuzo yalokhu ukuthi ama-pads akulula ukuwahlanza, kodwa ama-trace nama-pads akunqamuki kalula.

3. Isakhiwo sengxenye

Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi noma ngabe i-schematic yesifunda iklanywe ngendlela efanele futhi ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe alakhiwe ngendlela efanele, izoba nomthelela omubi ekuthembekeni kwemishini kagesi. Isibonelo, uma imigqa emibili emincane ehambisanayo yebhodi eliphrintiwe isondelene ndawonye, ​​izobangela ukubambezeleka kwesiginali ye-waveform nomsindo wokubonisa ekugcineni kolayini wokudlulisela; ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukucatshangelwa okungalungile kwamandla nomhlabathi kuzobangela ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlupheke Ukwehla kokusebenza, ngakho-ke, lapho uklama amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe, kufanele kuqashelwe indlela efanele. Ukushintshanisa ngakunye kukagesi kunamaluphu amane amanje:

(1) Isifunda se-AC sokushintshwa kwamandla
(2) Isekethe ye-AC yesilungisi okukhiphayo

(3) Iluphu yamanje yomthombo wesiginali yokufaka
(4) Iluphu yamanje yokulayisha okuphumayo Iluphu yokufaka ishaja i-capacitor yokufaka ngesilinganiso samanje se-DC. I-capacitor yokuhlunga isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengendawo yokugcina amandla e-broadband; ngokufanayo, i-capacitor yesihlungi okukhiphayo iphinde isetshenziselwe ukugcina amandla efrikhwensi ephezulu asuka kusilungisi esiphumayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla e-DC wesifunda somthwalo ophumayo ayasuswa. Ngakho-ke, ama-terminals we-input and output filter capacitors abaluleke kakhulu. Izihibe zamanje zokufaka nokuphumayo kufanele zixhunywe kuphela kumandla kagesi avela kumatheminali e-capacitor yesihlungi ngokulandelanayo; uma uxhumano phakathi kwe-loop yokufaka / yokuphuma kanye ne-switch switch/rectifier loop ayikwazi ukuxhunywa ku-capacitor I-terminal ixhunywe ngokuqondile, futhi amandla e-AC azodluliselwa endaweni nge-input or output filter capacitor. Iluphu ye-AC yeswishi yamandla kanye neluphu ye-AC yesilungisi iqukethe amaza e-trapezoidal e-amplitude ephezulu. Le misinga inezingxenye eziphezulu ze-harmonic futhi imvamisa yazo inkulu kakhulu kunemvamisa eyisisekelo yokushintshwa. I-amplitude ephezulu ingaba phezulu ngokuphindwe ka-5 kokufakwayo/okuphumayo kwe-DC yamanje amplitude. Isikhathi soguquko sivamise ukuthi Mayelana nama-50ns. Lawa maluphu amabili ajwayele ukuphazamiseka kazibuthe, ngakho-ke lawa maluphu e-AC kufanele abekwe ngaphambi kweminye imigqa ephrintiwe endaweni yamandla. Izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-loop ngayinye ama-filter capacitor, amaswishi kagesi noma ama-rectifiers, nama-inductors. Noma ama-transformers kufanele abekwe eduze komunye nomunye, futhi izikhundla zengxenye kufanele zilungiswe ukuze zenze indlela yamanje phakathi kwabo ibe mfushane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokusungula i-switching power supply layout ifana nomklamo wayo kagesi. Inqubo yokuklama engcono kakhulu imi kanje:

◆Beka i-transformer
◆Design power switch loop yamanje
◆Iluphu yamanje yokulungisa okukhiphayo
◆Isekhethi yokulawula exhunywe kumjikelezo wamandla we-AC
◆Iluphu yomthombo wamanje wokufaka idizayini nesihlungi sokufakwayo Dizayina iluphu yomthwalo ophumayo nesihlungi sokuphumayo ngokuya ngeyunithi yokusebenza yesekethe, lapho wendlala zonke izingxenye zesekhethi, le migomo elandelayo kufanele ihlangatshezwe:

(1) Okokuqala, cabangela ubukhulu be-PCB. Uma usayizi we-PCB mkhulu kakhulu, imigqa ephrintiwe izoba yinde, i-impedance izokwanda, ikhono lokulwa nomsindo lizokwehla, futhi izindleko zizokhula; uma usayizi we-PCB mncane kakhulu, ukuchithwa kokushisa ngeke kube kuhle, futhi imigqa eseduze izophazamiseka kalula. Umumo omuhle kakhulu webhodi lesifunda unonxande, futhi i-aspect ratio ingu-3:2 noma 4:3. Izingxenye ezitholakala emaphethelweni ebhodi lesifunda ngokuvamile azikho ngaphansi komphetho webhodi lesifunda

(2) Lapho ubeka umshini, cabangela i-soldering yesikhathi esizayo, hhayi ukuminyene kakhulu;
(3) Thatha ingxenye ewumnyombo yesekethe ngayinye esebenzayo njengesikhungo bese uyibeka ngokuzungezile. Izingxenye kufanele zibe ngokulinganayo, ngobunono futhi zihleleke kahle ku-PCB, zinciphise futhi zifinyeze umkhondo nokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye, futhi i-decoupling capacitor kufanele ibe seduze ngangokunokwenzeka kudivayisi.
(4) Kumasekhethi asebenza kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, imingcele esabalalisiwe phakathi kwezingxenye kufanele icatshangelwe. Ngokuvamile, isifunda kufanele sihlelwe ngokuhambisana ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngale ndlela, akuyona nje enhle kuphela, kodwa futhi kulula ukuyifaka nokushisela, futhi kulula ukuyikhiqiza ngobuningi.
(5) Hlela isikhundla seyunithi ngayinye yesifunda esisebenza ngokuhambisana nokugeleza kwesifunda, ukuze ukwakheka kube lula ukujikeleza kwesignali, futhi isignali igcinwe ngendlela efanayo ngangokunokwenzeka.
(6) Isimiso sokuqala sesakhiwo ukuqinisekisa izinga lezintambo, qaphela ukuxhuma kwezintambo ezindizayo lapho uhambisa idivayisi, futhi ubeke amadivaysi anobudlelwano bokuxhumana ndawonye.
(7) Nciphisa indawo eyiluphu ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ucindezele ukuphazamiseka kwemisebe yokushintsha kwamandla kagesi.

4. Ukunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha izintambo kuqukethe amasiginali wefrikhwensi ephezulu

Noma yimuphi umugqa ophrintiwe ku-PCB ungasebenza njengothi. Ubude nobubanzi bomugqa ophrintiwe buzothinta i-impedance kanye ne-inductance, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte impendulo yemvamisa. Ngisho nemigqa ephrintiwe edlula amasignali e-DC ingabhangqa kumasiginali wefrikhwensi yomsakazo emigqeni ephrintiwe eseduze futhi ibangele izinkinga zesekethe (futhi iphinde ikhiphe amasignali okuphazamisayo). Ngakho-ke, yonke imigqa ephrintiwe edlula i-AC current kufanele yakhelwe ukuthi ibe mfushane futhi ibe banzi ngangokunokwenzeka, okusho ukuthi zonke izingxenye ezixhunywe emigqeni ephrintiwe kanye nezinye izintambo zikagesi kumele zibekwe eduze kakhulu. Ubude bomugqa ophrintiwe bulingana nokungeniswa kwawo kanye ne-impedance, futhi ububanzi buhambisana ngokuphambene ne-inductance kanye nokuvinjelwa komugqa ophrintiwe. Ubude bubonisa ubude bewave bempendulo yomugqa ophrintiwe. Uma ubude bubude, buyancipha i-frequency lapho ulayini ophrintiwe ungathumela futhi wamukele amaza kagesi, futhi ungakhipha amandla efrikhwensi yomsakazo. Ngokusho kobukhulu bebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe lamanje, zama ukwandisa ububanzi bomugqa wamandla ukuze unciphise ukumelana kwe-loop. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yenza isiqondiso solayini wamandla kanye nentambo yaphansi ihambisane nesiqondiso samanje, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nomsindo. Ukubeka phansi igatsha elingezansi lamalophu amane amanje okunikezwa kwamandla okushintsha. Idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu njengendawo yereferensi evamile yesekethe. Kuyindlela ebalulekile yokulawula ukuphazamiseka. Ngakho-ke, ukubekwa kocingo oluphansi kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela ekuhleleni. Ukuxuba ama-grounds ahlukahlukene kuzodala ukusebenza kokuhlinzekwa kwamandla okungazinzile.

Amaphuzu alandelayo kufanele anakwe ekwakhiweni kocingo oluphansi:

A. Khetha kahle isisekelo sephuzu elilodwa. Ngokuvamile, isiphetho esivamile se-capacitor yesihlungi kufanele kube ukuphela kwephoyinti lokuxhuma kwamanye amaphuzu aphansi ukuze abhangqe endaweni ye-AC yamanje ephezulu. Amaphoyinti aphansi wesekethe yeleveli efanayo kufanele abe seduze ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi i-capacitor yesihlungi sokuphakela amandla yalesi sekhethi yeleveli kufanele futhi ixhunywe endaweni yaleli zinga, ikakhulukazi kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukubuyela kwamanje phansi endaweni ngayinye. ingxenye yesifunda ishintshiwe, futhi ukuvinjelwa komugqa ogelezayo wangempela kuzobangela ukuguqulwa kwamandla omhlaba wengxenye ngayinye yesifunda futhi kwethule ukuphazamiseka. Kulo mandla okushintshanisa amandla, i-wiring yayo kanye ne-inductance phakathi kwamadivayisi anethonya elincane, futhi umjikelezo ojikelezayo owakhiwe yisifunda sokumisa unomthelela omkhulu ekuphazamiseni, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa iphuzu elilodwa eliyisisekelo, okungukuthi, i-loop yamanje yokushintsha amandla. (izintambo eziphansi zemishini eminingana zonke Zixhumene nephini lokubeka phansi, izintambo zaphansi zezingxenye ezimbalwa zeluphu yamanje yokubuyisela okukhiphayo nazo zixhunywe kumaphini aphansi ama-capacitor okuhlunga ahambisanayo, ukuze ukunikezwa kwamandla kuzinzile futhi kungabi lula. Ukuzijabulisa Uma iphuzu elilodwa lingatholakali, yabelana nomhlabathi Xhuma ama-diode amabili noma i-resistor encane, empeleni, ingaxhunyaniswa nocezu olulinganiselwe lwe-copper foil.

B. Khulisa ucingo oluphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma intambo yaphansi incane kakhulu, amandla aphansi azoshintsha ngokushintsha kwamandla, okuzokwenza izinga lesignali yesikhathi sezinto zikagesi lingazinzi, futhi ukusebenza kokulwa nomsindo kuzowohloka. Ngakho-ke, qinisekisa ukuthi itheminali ngayinye yamanje enkulu yaphansi Sebenzisa imigqa ephrintiwe ibe mifushane futhi ibe banzi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi wandise ububanzi bamandla nemigqa yaphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Kungcono ukuthi umugqa ophansi uba banzi kunolayini wamandla. Ubudlelwano babo yilokhu: umugqa ophansi>umugqa wamandla>umugqa wesiginali. Uma kungenzeka, umugqa ophansi Ububanzi kufanele bube bukhulu kuno-3mm, futhi ungqimba lwethusi lwendawo enkulu lungasetshenziswa njengocingo oluphansi. Xhuma izindawo ezingasetshenzisiwe ebhodini lesekethe eliphrintiwe njengocingo oluphansi. Lapho kwenziwa izintambo zomhlaba wonke, le migomo elandelayo kufanele futhi ilandelwe:

(1) Isiqondiso sezintambo: Ngokombono we-welding surface, ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye kufanele kuhambisane ngangokunokwenzeka nomdwebo we-schematic. Isiqondiso sezintambo kufanele sihambisane nesiqondiso sezintambo zomdwebo wesifunda, ngoba imingcele ehlukahlukene ivame ukudingeka endaweni yokushisela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, ilungele ukuhlolwa, ukulungisa iphutha nokugcinwa ekukhiqizeni (Qaphela: Ibhekisela esakhiweni sokuhlangana nokusebenza kwesifunda kanye nezidingo zokufakwa kwawo wonke umshini kanye nesakhiwo samaphaneli).

(2) Lapho uklama umdwebo wezintambo, izintambo akufanele zigobe ngangokunokwenzeka, ububanzi bomugqa ku-arc ephrintiwe akufanele bushintshwe ngokuzumayo, ikhoneni locingo kufanele libe ngu-≥90 degrees, futhi imigqa kufanele ibe lula futhi cacile.

(3) Iziyingi eziphambanayo azivunyelwe kusekethe ephrintiwe. Ngemigqa engase iwele, ungasebenzisa "ukubhoboza" kanye "nokusonga" ukuyixazulula. Okungukuthi, vumela umthofu "ubhoboze" igebe ngaphansi kwezinye izinto eziphikisayo, ama-capacitor, nezikhonkwane ezintathu, noma "umoya" ovela kwelinye icala lomthofu ongawela. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, ukuthi isifunda siyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani, kuvunyelwe nokwenza lula ukuklama. Sebenzisa izintambo ukuhlanganisa ukuxazulula inkinga yesekethe ephambanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi ibhodi elihlangothini olulodwa lamukelwe, izingxenye ze-in-line zitholakala phezulu futhi amadivaysi abekwe phezulu atholakala phansi. Ngakho-ke, amadivaysi asemgqeni angadlulana nezisetshenziswa zokukhweza phezulu ngesikhathi sesakhiwo, kodwa ukugqagqana kwamaphedi kufanele kugwenywe.

C. Indawo yokufaka nendawo yokukhipha Lokhu kunikezwa kwamandla kagesi kuyi-DC-DC ene-voltage ephansi. Uma ufuna ukuphendula i-voltage ephumayo emuva kwesisekelo se-transformer, izifunda ezinhlangothini zombili kufanele zibe nendawo yokubhekisela evamile, ngakho-ke ngemva kokubeka ithusi phezu kwezintambo zomhlabathi nhlangothi zombili, Kumele zixhunywe ndawonye ukuze zenze indawo efanayo. .

5. Hlola

Ngemuva kokuthi umklamo we-wiring usuqediwe, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela ukuthi umklamo we-wiring uhambisana nemithetho ebekwe umklami, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho emisiwe ihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwebhodi eliphrintiwe. inqubo. Ngokuvamile hlola ulayini nolayini, ulayini kanye nephedi yengxenye, ulayini Ukuthi amabanga ukusuka emigodini, amaphedi ezingxenye kanye nemigodi, emigodini nangezimbobo anengqondo, nokuthi ayahlangabezana yini nezidingo zokukhiqiza. Ukuthi ububanzi bentambo yamandla kanye nentambo yaphansi kufanelekile, nokuthi ingabe ikhona indawo yokwandisa umugqa ophansi ku-PCB. Qaphela: Amanye amaphutha angazitshwa. Isibonelo, ingxenye yohlaka lwezinye izixhumi ibekwe ngaphandle kohlaka lwebhodi, futhi amaphutha azokwenzeka lapho kuhlolwa isikhala; ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi ngasinye lapho i-wiring kanye ne-vias kulungiswa, ithusi kufanele lifakwe kabusha.

6. Hlola kabusha “Ngohlu Lokuhlola Lwe-PCB”

Okuqukethwe kufaka phakathi imithetho yokuklama, izincazelo zesendlalelo, ububanzi bemigqa, isikhala, amaphedi, nangezilungiselelo. Kubalulekile futhi ukubuyekeza ubuhlakani besakhiwo sedivayisi, izintambo zamandla kanye namanethiwekhi aphansi, izintambo nokuvikela amanethiwekhi ewashi anesivinini esikhulu, nokuqaqa Ukubekwa nokuxhumeka kwama-capacitor, njll.

7. izindaba ezidinga ukunakwa ekuklameni nasekukhipheni amafayela e-Gerber

a. Izendlalelo ezidinga ukukhishwa zihlanganisa ungqimba lwezintambo (ungqimba olungezansi), ungqimba lwesikrini sikasilika (okuhlanganisa isikrini sikasilika esiphezulu, isikrini sikasilika esingezansi), imaski edayiswayo (imaski edayiswa ngezansi), ungqimba lokumba (ungqimba olungezansi), kanye nefayela lokubhola (NCDrill )
b. Uma usetha isendlalelo sesikrini sikasilika, ungakhethi i-PartType, khetha ungqimba olungaphezulu (ungqimba olungezansi) kanye ne-Outline, Text, Linec yongqimba lwesikrini sikasilika. Lapho usetha Isendlalelo sesendlalelo ngasinye, khetha Uhlaka Lwebhodi. Uma usetha isendlalelo sesikrini sikasilika, ungakhethi i-PartType, khetha Uhlaka, Umbhalo, Umugqa.d wesendlalelo esingaphezulu (ungqimba olungezansi) kanye nongqimba lwesikrini sikasilika. Lapho ukhiqiza amafayela okumba, sebenzisa izilungiselelo ezizenzakalelayo ze-PowerPCB futhi ungenzi izinguquko.