Ukushoda kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi nokukhuphuka kwentengo. Inikeza amathuba kubazenzisi.
Kulezi zinsuku, izakhi ze-elekthronikhi ezingamanga sezidumile. Ama-fake amaningi afana nama-capacitor, resistors, inductors, amashubhu e-MOS, namakhompyutha e-single-chip azungeza emakethe. Ngaphezu kokuthola ama-ejenti avamile okuthenga okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka, onjiniyela nabathengi kufanele bavule amehlo futhi bafunde ukuhlonza amanga!
Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi zangempela nezingelona iqiniso, kufanele uqale uqonde umehluko phakathi kwezangempela nezintsha.
1. Uyini umkhiqizo wangempela omusha sha?
Umkhiqizo omusha sha igama lokuqala lemboni yokuqala, ukupakishwa kwasekuqaleni, i-LABLE yasekuqaleni (imodeli ephelele, inombolo yeqoqo, uhlobo, inombolo yeLOT (umugqa wokuhlanganisa wokupakisha we-IC kanye nekhodi yomshini esetshenzisiwe), inani lephakheji, ikhodi (ingakwazi Bheka kuwebhusayithi yayo), amabhakhodi (imvamisa awokulwa nokwenza mbumbulu).
Wonke amapharamitha afaneleka ngumenzi, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo yasekhaya yasekuqaleni. Izinga lalo mkhiqizo lihle kakhulu, inombolo ye-batch iyunifomu, futhi ukubukeka kuhle. Amakhasimende azimisele ukuyamukela, kodwa intengo iphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
Umkhiqizo wangempela uwumkhiqizo opakishiwe wangempela osuka efekthri yokuqala. Iphakheji yoqobo kungenzeka ivuliwe noma alikho iphakheji langempela, kodwa kusewumkhiqizo wangempela.
Inqwaba entsha (okungukuthi imikhiqizo enesici)
Ama-sub-chips ama-chips akhishwa emugqeni wokuhlanganisa we-IC ngenxa yekhwalithi yangaphakathi nezinye izinkinga, kodwa angaphumelelanga ekuhlolweni komkhiqizi wokuklama. Noma ngenxa yokupakishwa okungalungile, ukubukeka kwefilimu konakalisiwe, futhi i-chip nayo isusiwe.
● Amafilimu aphuma kulayini wokuhlanganisa. Yifilimu eyadonswa ngesikhathi ihlolwa ngumkhiqizi. Lawo mafilimu ayengasho ukuthi kufanele kube nezinkinga zekhwalithi, kodwa ukuthi amanye amapharamitha abe namaphutha amakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ngoba abakhiqizi bavame ukuba nezidingo eziphakeme zokunemba kwefilimu, ezifana ne-voltage ne-current, futhi ububanzi bephutha obuvunyelwe bungaphakathi kokuhlanganisa noma ukukhipha 0.01, lapho ifilimu evamile kufanele ibe ngu-1.00, 1.01 kanye no-0.99 yonke imikhiqizo yangempela, futhi 0.98 noma i-1.02 ingumkhiqizo onesici.
Lawa mafilimu aqokwa abe amafilimu amasha ahlakazekile. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yobuthakathaka befilimu, ifilimu endala ingabangela izinguquko ezincane ephutheni lepharamitha ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Yingakho ngezinye izikhathi umkhiqizo ofanayo, amakhasimende athile uyawusebenzisa, kanti amanye amakhasimende uyawusebenzisa. .
● Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, ngenxa yokuthi ulayini wokuhlanganisa udlula kukhompuyutha ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngokufaka ikhompuyutha mathupha, ngezinye izikhathi ifilimu ayinayo inkinga ngempela, kodwa uma ibambekile, abasebenzi bangamane babulale inkulungwane ngephutha kunokuba khulula. Ngemuva kwe-movie embi, ngakho-ke ulahlekelwa kakhulu, bese lezi zibizwa ngokuthi zihlakazekile ezintsha.
2. Iyini inqwaba yempahla emisha?
I-Sanxin ingahlukaniswa ngezimo ezilandelayo ngokuya ngezimo zemakethe:
★Ngomqondo wangempela wenqwaba (okungukuthi izimpahla zangempela ngaphandle kokupakishwa kwangempela)
● Isidingo sekhasimende singaphansi kwephakheji lonke. Ngenxa yokushayela intengo, umphakeli uqaqa yonke iphakheji yoqobo futhi athengise ingxenye ye-chip ngentengo ephezulu, kanye nengxenye esele ye-chip ngaphandle kwephakheji yoqobo.
● Ngenxa yezizathu zokuthutha, umphakeli uqaqa izimpahla zangempela ezipakishiwe ukuze kube lula ukuhamba. Izimpahla zoqobo ezifana ne-Hong Kong kufanele zithunyelwe e-Shenzhen nakwezinye izindawo. Ukuze kungene amasiko futhi kwehliswe amanani entengo, ukupakishwa kwangempela kuyasuswa futhi abantu abaningi bathathwe kumasiko.
● Imikhiqizo emisha nendala: Iningi lale mikhiqizo yileyo egcinwe isikhathi eside futhi ebukeka kabi. Angasetshenziselwa kuphela ukulahlwa kwenqwaba.
● Kukhona nezimboni zokupakisha. Lapho inani elikhulu lama-wafers lithunyelwa embonini yokupakisha ukuze lipakishwe, ngemva kokuphothulwa kweyunithi yokuklama ye-IC ingase ingakwazi ukuthola wonke ama-wafers apakishiwe ngenxa yezinkinga zezimali, khona-ke le ngxenye yemboni yokupakisha izozithengisa ngokwayo. , ngoba ayifuni Badinga ukumaka amalebula abo futhi ngeke benze ukupakisha ukuze banyuse izindleko, ngakho bazowathengisa ngobuningi.
● Ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphathwa kwefekthri yokupakisha, amafilimu abasebenzi bayo ababewathutha bewakhipha enkampanini ngamashaneli angavamile, adayiswa kabusha futhi athengwa amafilimu, angena ezweni. Lolu hlobo lwefilimu alunawo amaphakheji angaphandle ngoba alukho uhlelo lokugcina lokupakisha, kodwa intengo ivuma futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingcono kunentengo ye-ejensi kazwelonke.
★Inqwaba mbumbulu (okungukuthi izimpahla ezilungisiwe)
Izimpahla ezilungisiwe zilungiswa kabusha noma izingxenye ezihlakaziwe. Ziyizingxenye ezicutshungulwayo futhi zacutshungulwa kabusha, ngakho abantu abasembonini ngokuvamile bazibiza ngezimpahla ezivuselelwe.
● Okunye ukubonakala konakele, kodwa umonakalo ongaphezulu awubi kakhulu, futhi amafilimu okungekho nzima ukuwacubungula asengathengiswa njengamafilimu amasha ngemva kokulungiswa kabusha.
● Qaphela amafilimu esizukulwane sesibili abukeka kahle. Amafilimu anjalo ngokuvamile angase abe amafilimu amancane anezinkinga zekhwalithi yangaphakathi. Abathengi bamafilimu anjalo ngokuvamile bacophelela kakhulu.
● Ukulungiswa kabusha kwamafilimu amadala ngokuyinhloko kwenziwa ngokucubungula kabusha amafilimu amadala, njengokugaya, ukuwasha, ukudonsa izinyawo, ukuhlanganisa izinyawo, ukuxhuma izinyawo, ukugaya izinhlamvu, ukuthayipha, nokunye. Ukubonakala kwefilimu kuyacutshungulwa ukuze ifilimu ibukeke inhle kakhulu.
Ikakhulukazi udoti wangaphandle, okungukuthi, izinto zikagesi zasendlini zakwamanye amazwe, amakhompyutha, ama-routers nezinye izinto zikagesi ezilahliwe zicutshungulwa eziteshini zendawo zokuqoqa udoti. Le mfucumfucu ithuthelwa ezindaweni zase-Hong Kong, e-Guangdong, e-Taiwan, e-Zhejiang, nase-Chaoshan ukuze zigaywe kabusha ngamanani aphansi kakhulu.
Ukulungiswa kabusha kwezinhlamvu zangempela kuwukucubungula ukubukeka kwefilimu ukwenza ifilimu ibukeke inhle kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwezimpahla lungolwekhwalithi engcono futhi lushibhile, ngokuvamile uhhafu wenani eliphelele noma lushibhile.
● Izimpahla ezisetshenzisiwe, qaqa izingxenye. Umkhiqizo usetshenzisiwe, futhi wasuswa ebhodini lesifunda ngomoya oshisayo noma ngokuthosa. Izindlela ezimbili zokudiliza amafilimu amadala:
Indlela yomoya oshisayo, le ndlela iyindlela evamile, esetshenziselwa amabhodi ahlanzekile futhi ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi amabhodi e-SMD abaluleke kakhulu.
Indlela "yokuthosa", lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela. Sebenzisa amafutha amaminerali abilisa kakhulu ukuze "gazinga". Amabhodi kadoti amadala kakhulu noma angcolile ngokuvamile asebenzisa le ndlela.
Imfucuza ekhiqizwa ohlelweni lokuhlukanisa nokwenza kabusha ifilimu endala izongcolisa kakhulu imvelo uma ingasetshenziswanga ngendlela efanele, futhi izindleko “zokulahlwa ngendlela efanele” zizoba phezulu kunesamba semali etholwayo.
Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinkampani emazweni athuthukile zincamela ukusebenzisa imali futhi zithumele izimpahla ukuze “zithumele” i-e-waste e-China nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Asia kunokuzilahla ngokwazo. Umehluko wamanani phakathi kwama-chips amadala namasha usekude nokubuyisela ukulahlekelwa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo!
Amabhizinisi amaningi emakethe ye-elekthronikhi ngokuvamile achaza izimpahla ezivuselelwe njengenqwaba yezimpahla ezintsha, ezidinga ukugcina amehlo awo evulekile futhi ethembele kumakhono athile amancane ukuze azihlukanise.
3. Umehluko phakathi kwezimpahla eziyinqwaba ezintsha nezimpahla ezivuselelwe
Ikhwalithi yezimpahla eziyinqwaba yangempela ingaqinisekiswa.
Imikhiqizo enesici izohluka emikhiqizweni yokuqala ngokwezinga le-scrap kanye nokuzinza. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemikhiqizo zintsha, kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa.
Izimpahla ezivuselelwe ziyingozi nakakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi idayisa inyama yenja. Zibukeka zifana, kodwa empeleni, zinemisebenzi ehluke ngokuphelele.
Ngakho-ke, kungcono kakhulu ukuthi ugweme izimpahla ezintsha eziyinqwaba, ngaphandle uma uthenga ngesisekelo seziqinisekiso ezithile.