Ngokomdwebo wesifunda othuthukisiwe, ukulingisa kungenziwa futhi i-PCB ingaklanywa ngokuthumela ifayela le-Gerber/drill. Noma ngabe imuphi umklamo, onjiniyela badinga ukuqonda kahle ukuthi amasekethe (nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi) kufanele abekwe kanjani nokuthi asebenza kanjani. Konjiniyela bezinto zikagesi, ukuthola amathuluzi esofthiwe alungile omklamo we-PCB kungaba umsebenzi onzima. Amathuluzi esofthiwe asebenza kahle kuphrojekthi eyodwa ye-PCB angase angasebenzi kahle kwabanye. Onjiniyela bafuna amathuluzi okuklama ibhodi anembile, aqukethe izici eziwusizo, ezinzile ngokwanele ukukhawulela ubungozi, futhi abe nomtapo wolwazi oqinile owenza afanelekele amaphrojekthi amaningi.
Inkinga yezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha
Kumaphrojekthi we-iot, ukuhlanganiswa kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuthembekeni, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziqhutshwayo nezingezona e-PCBS kudinga abaklami be-iot ukuthi bafunde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezici ezihlukahlukene zikagesi nezemishini zomklamo. Ikakhulukazi, njengoba osayizi bezingxenye beqhubeka nokuncipha, ukushisisa kukagesi ku-PCBS kuya kuba bucayi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izidingo zokusebenza ziyakhuphuka. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okusekelwe ekusebenzeni komklamo, ukuphendula kwezinga lokushisa, ukuziphatha kwezingxenye zikagesi ebhodini, kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa okujwayelekile kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nasekuthembekeni kwesistimu.
I-PCB kufanele ihlukaniswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikeleka. Imijikelezo emifushane ivinjelwa ngokuvikela iminonjana yethusi ebekwe ebhodini ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindleko ezingabizi kakhulu njengephepha lokunamathisela le-resin yokwenziwa (SRBP, FR-1, FR-2), i-FR-4 ifaneleka kakhulu njenge-substrate material ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingokomzimba/zemishini, ikakhulukazi amandla okugcina idatha iphezulu. amaza, ukumelana kwayo nokushisa okuphezulu, kanye neqiniso lokuthi imunca amanzi amancane kunezinye izinto. I-FR-4 isetshenziswa kabanzi ezakhiweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nemishini yezimboni nezempi. Ihambisana ne-ultra-high insulation (i-vacuum ephezulu kakhulu noma i-UHV).
Kodwa-ke, i-FR-4 njenge-substrate ye-PCB ibhekana nenani lemikhawulo, esukela ekwelashweni kwamakhemikhali okusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. Ikakhulukazi, izinto ezibonakalayo zijwayele ukwakheka kwe-inclusions (ama-bubbles) kanye ne-streaks (ama-bubble longitudinal), kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-fiber yengilazi. Lezi zinkinga zingabangela amandla e-dielectric angahambisani futhi kulimaze ukusebenza kwezintambo ze-PCB. Into entsha yengilazi ye-epoxy ixazulula lezi zinkinga.
Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa i-polyimide/glass fiber (esekela amazinga okushisa aphakeme futhi iqinile) kanye ne-KAPTON (eguquguqukayo, engasindi, elungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezibonisi namakhibhodi). Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa izinto ze-dielectric (ama-substrates) zifaka i-coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal, kanye nokuqina komshini.
I-PCBS yezempi/i-aerospace idinga ukucatshangelwa kwedizayini okukhethekile okusekelwe kuzicaciso zesakhiwo kanye nokufakwa okungu-100% kwe-Design for Test (DFT). Izinga le-MIL-STD-883 lisungula izindlela nezinqubo zokuhlola amadivaysi e-microelectronic afanele izinhlelo zezempi nezasemoyeni, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa komshini nogesi, izinqubo zokukhiqiza nokuqeqesha, nezinye izilawuli zokuqinisekisa amazinga angaguquki ekhwalithi nokuthembeka kulo lonke uhlelo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene zamadivayisi anjalo.
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlangabezaneni namazinga ahlukahlukene, ukwakhiwa kwemishini ye-automotive system kumele ilandele uchungechunge lwemithetho, njengokuhlolwa komshini ne-elekthronikhi kwe-AEC-Q100 yokupakisha amasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Imiphumela ye-Crosstalk ingaphazamisa ukuphepha kwemoto. Ukuze unciphise le miphumela, abaklami be-PCB kufanele bacacise ibanga phakathi kolayini wesignali nolayini wamandla. Ukudizayina nokumisa kwenziwa lula ngamathuluzi esofthiwe agqamisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izici zedizayini ezidinga ukuguqulwa okwengeziwe ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemikhawulo yokuphazamiseka nezimo zokukhipha ukushisa ukuze kugwenywe ukuthikameza ukusebenza kwesistimu.
Amanothi:
Ukuphazanyiswa okuvela kumjikelezo ngokwawo akulona usongo kwikhwalithi yesignali. I-PCB esemotweni ishaywa ngomsindo, oxhumana nomzimba ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze uhehe amandla angafuneki kusekethe. Ama-voltage spikes kanye nokuguquguquka okubangelwa amasistimu okushisa kwezimoto kungaphusha izingxenye kude kakhulu nokubekezelela kwazo imishini.
Inkinga yesoftware
Amathuluzi esakhiwo se-PCB yanamuhla kufanele abe nezinhlanganisela eziningi zokusebenza ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zabaklami. Ukukhetha ithuluzi lesakhiwo elilungile kufanele kube ukucatshangelwa kokuqala ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB futhi akufanele kunganakwa. Imikhiqizo evela ku-Mentor Graphics, OrCAD Systems, kanye ne-Altium iphakathi kwamathuluzi esakhiwo se-PCB anamuhla.
Umklami we-Altium
I-Altium Designer ingelinye lamaphakheji wokuklama we-PCB asezingeni eliphezulu emakethe namuhla. Ngokusebenza kwezintambo ezizenzakalelayo, ukusekelwa kokulungiswa kobude bomugqa kanye nokumodela kwe-3D. I-Altium Designer ihlanganisa amathuluzi ayo yonke imisebenzi yokuklama isekethe, kusukela ekuthwebuleni ngohlelo kuye ku-HDL kanye nokulingisa isifunda, ukuhlaziya isignali, idizayini ye-PCB, kanye nentuthuko eshumekiwe ye-FPGA.
Inkundla yesakhiwo se-PCB ye-Mentor Graphics ibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu abaklami besistimu banamuhla ababhekene nazo: okunembile, ukusebenza - kanye nokuhlelwa okufakwe kabusha okugxile ekusetshenzisweni kabusha; Umzila osebenzayo kuma-topology aminyene futhi ayinkimbinkimbi; Futhi ukwenza kahle kwe-electromechanical. Isici esibalulekile seplathifomu kanye nokuqanjwa okusha okubalulekile embonini i-Sketch Router, enikeza abaklami ukulawula okugcwele okusebenzisanayo phezu kwenqubo yokuqaqa okuzenzakalelayo/okusizwayo, ekhiqiza imiphumela yekhwalithi efanayo njengokuqaqa ngesandla, kodwa ngesikhathi esincane kakhulu.
Umhleli we-OrCAD PCB
I-OrCAD PCB Editor iyindawo esebenzisanayo eyenzelwe ukwakheka kwebhodi kunoma yiliphi izinga lobuchwepheshe, ukusuka kokulula kuye kokuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kweqiniso kuzisombululo ze-PCB zoMklami we-Cadence Allegro PCB, Umhleli we-OrCAD PCB usekela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamaqembu abaklami futhi uyakwazi ukuphatha izithiyo (isivinini esikhulu, ubuqotho besignali, njll.) kuyilapho ugcina isixhumi esibonakalayo esifanayo nefomethi yefayela.
Gerber ifayela
Ifomethi yefayela le-Gerber ejwayelekile yemboni isetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ulwazi lokuklama lokukhiqizwa kwe-PCB. Ngezindlela eziningi, i-Gerber ifana ne-PDFS ku-electronics; Kumane kuyifomethi yefayela elincane elibhalwe ngolimi oluxubile lokulawula umshini. Lawa mafayela akhiqizwa isofthiwe ye-circuit breaker futhi athunyelwa kumkhiqizi we-PCB kusofthiwe ye-CAM.
Ukuhlanganisa ngokuphephile amasistimu kagesi ezimotweni nezinye izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuveza ukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kukho kokubili ihadiwe nesofthiwe. Onjiniyela bahlose ukunciphisa inani lokuphindwaphindwa kwedizayini nesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa, okunezinzuzo ezibalulekile kubaklami abasebenzisa ukugeleza komsebenzi.