1 - Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlanganisiwe
Umthetho ojwayelekile uwukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhlanganisa okuxubile futhi uwakhawulele ezimweni ezithile. Isibonelo, izinzuzo zokufaka ingxenye yomgodi owodwa (PTH) cishe azilokothi zinxeshezelwe izindleko ezengeziwe nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe. Esikhundleni salokho, ukusebenzisa izingxenye eziningi ze-PTH noma ukuzisusa ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni kuyancomeka futhi kusebenza kahle kakhulu. Uma ubuchwepheshe be-PTH budingeka, kunconywa ukuthi ubeke yonke ingxenye nge-vias ohlangothini olufanayo lwesekethe ephrintiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe isikhathi esidingekayo sokuhlanganisa.

2 – Usayizi wengxenye
Phakathi nesigaba sokuklama se-PCB, kubalulekile ukukhetha usayizi wephakheji ofanele wengxenye ngayinye. Ngokuvamile, kufanele ukhethe iphakheji encane kuphela uma unesizathu esizwakalayo; uma kungenjalo, hambisa iphasela elikhudlwana. Eqinisweni, abaklami be-elekthronikhi bavame ukukhetha izingxenye ezinamaphakheji amancane ngokungadingekile, okwenza izinkinga ezingenzeka ngesikhathi sesigaba somhlangano kanye nokuguqulwa kwesifunda okungenzeka. Kuye ngezinga lezinguquko ezidingekayo, kwezinye izimo kungase kube lula ukuhlanganisa kabusha ibhodi lonke kunokususa nokunamathisela izingxenye ezidingekayo.

3 - Isikhala sengxenye esithathiwe
Isinyathelo sonyawo singesinye isici esibalulekile sokuhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke, abaklami be-PCB kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi iphakethe ngalinye lidalwe ngokunembile ngokuvumelana nephethini yomhlaba eshiwo eshidini ledatha lengxenye ngayinye ehlanganisiwe. Inkinga enkulu edalwe imilobo yezinyawo engalungile ukwenzeka kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wetshe lethuna", owaziwa nangokuthi umphumela we-Manhattan noma umphumela wengwenya. Le nkinga yenzeka lapho ingxenye ehlanganisiwe ithola ukushisa okungalingani phakathi nenqubo yokudayiswa, okubangela ukuthi ingxenye ehlanganisiwe inamathele ku-PCB ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela esikhundleni sakho kokubili. Isenzakalo setshe lethuna sithinta kakhulu izingxenye ze-SMD ezingenzi lutho ezifana nama-resistors, ama-capacitor, nama-inductors. Isizathu sokwenzeka kwayo ukushisa okungalingani. Izizathu zimi kanje:

Ubukhulu bephethini yezwe obuhlobene nengxenye abulungile Ama-amplitude ahlukene amathrekhi axhunywe kumaphedi amabili engxenye Ububanzi bethrekhi obubanzi kakhulu, obusebenza njengesisetshenziswa sokushisa.

4 - Isikhala phakathi kwezingxenye
Esinye sezimbangela eziyinhloko zokwehluleka kwe-PCB indawo enganele phakathi kwezingxenye eziholela ekushiseni ngokweqile. Isikhala siwumthombo obalulekile, ikakhulukazi endabeni yamasekhethi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo eziyinselele. Ukubeka ingxenye eyodwa eduze kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye kungadala izinhlobo ezihlukene zezinkinga, ubunzima bazo obungase budinge izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB noma inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuchitha isikhathi kanye nokwanda kwezindleko.

Uma usebenzisa imishini yokuhlanganisa neyokuhlola ezenzakalelayo, qiniseka ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ikude ngokwanele nezingxenye zemishini, imiphetho yebhodi lesifunda, nazo zonke ezinye izingxenye. Izingxenye ezisondelene kakhulu noma ezizungeziswe ngokungalungile ziwumthombo wezinkinga ngesikhathi sokusongeshwa kwamagagasi. Isibonelo, uma ingxenye ephezulu yandulela ingxenye yobude obuphansi endleleni elandelwa igagasi, lokhu kungadala umphumela "wethunzi" owenza buthaka ukushisela. Amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe azungeza i-perpendicular komunye nomunye azoba nomphumela ofanayo.

5 - Uhlu lwezingxenye lubuyekeziwe
I-bill of parts (BOM) iyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB nezigaba zokuhlanganisa. Eqinisweni, uma i-BOM iqukethe amaphutha noma ukungalungi, umenzi angase amise isigaba somhlangano kuze kube yilapho lezi zinkinga sezixazululiwe. Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-BOM ihlale ilungile futhi isesikhathini ukwenza ukubuyekezwa okuphelele kwe-BOM njalo lapho ukwakhiwa kwe-PCB kubuyekezwa. Isibonelo, uma ingxenye entsha yengezwe kuphrojekthi yokuqala, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-BOM ibuyekeziwe futhi ayiguquguquki ngokufaka inombolo yengxenye efanele, incazelo, kanye nenani.

6 – Ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyinti edatha
Amaphoyinti e-Fiducial, aziwa nangokuthi ama-fiducial marks, ayizimo zethusi eziyindilinga ezisetshenziswa njengezimpawu zendawo emishinini yokuhlanganisa yokukhetha nendawo. I-Fiducials inika amandla le mishini ezenzakalelayo ukuthi ibone umumo webhodi futhi ihlanganise kahle izingxenye ezincane zokukhweza indawo efana ne-Quad Flat Pack (QFP), i-Ball Grid Array (BGA) noma i-Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN).

I-Fiducials ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezimbili: omaka be-fiducial bomhlaba kanye nomaka bendawo bendawo. Amamaki omhlaba jikelele abekwe emaphethelweni e-PCB, okuvumela imishini yokukhetha nendawo ukuthi ithole ukuma kwebhodi endizeni ye-XY. Izimpawu zendawo ezibekwe eduze kwamakhona ezingxenye ze-SMD eziyisikwele zisetshenziswa umshini wokubeka ukubeka ngokunembile unyawo lwengxenye, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe amaphutha okuma okuhlobene phakathi nokuhlanganisa. Amaphuzu e-Datum adlala indima ebalulekile lapho iphrojekthi iqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezisondelene. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa ibhodi le-Arduino Uno elihlanganisiwe elinamaphuzu amabili ayizethenjwa womhlaba agqanyiswe ngokubomvu.