Njengoba izimfuneko zikasayizi we-PCB ziba zincane futhi zibe zincane, izidingo zokuminyana kwedivayisi ziba phezulu kakhulu, futhi idizayini ye-PCB iba nzima kakhulu. Indlela yokufeza izinga eliphezulu lesakhiwo se-PCB futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuklama, khona-ke sizokhuluma ngamakhono okuklama wokuhlela kwe-PCB, isakhiwo kanye nezintambo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala i-wiring, umklamo kufanele uhlaziywe ngokucophelela futhi isofthiwe yamathuluzi kufanele isethwe ngokucophelela, okuzokwenza umklamo uhambisane nezidingo.
1. Thola inani lezendlalelo ze-PCB
Ubukhulu bebhodi lesifunda kanye nenani lezingqimba zezintambo zidinga ukunqunywa ekuqaleni komklamo. Inombolo yezendlalelo zezintambo kanye nendlela ye-STAck-up izothinta ngokuqondile izintambo kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemigqa ephrintiwe.
Usayizi webhodi usiza ukunquma indlela yokunqwabelanisa kanye nobubanzi bomugqa ophrintiwe ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela womklamo oyifunayo. Njengamanje, umehluko wezindleko phakathi kwamabhodi anezingqimba eziningi mncane kakhulu, futhi kungcono ukusebenzisa izendlalelo zesifunda eziningi futhi usakaze ngokulinganayo ithusi lapho uklama.
2. Imithetho yokuklama kanye nemikhawulo
Ukuze uqedele ngempumelelo umsebenzi wokufaka izintambo, amathuluzi okufaka izintambo adinga ukusebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho nemikhawulo efanele. Ukuze uhlukanise yonke imigqa yamasignali enezidingo ezikhethekile, isigaba ngasinye sesignali kufanele sibe nokubalulekile. Lapho okubalulekile kuqala, imithetho iyaqina.
Imithetho ihilela ububanzi bemigqa ephrintiwe, inombolo enkulu ye-vias, parallelism, ithonya elihlangene phakathi kwemigqa yesignali, nemikhawulo yesendlalelo. Le mithetho inethonya elikhulu ekusebenzeni kwethuluzi lezintambo. Ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezidingo zokuklama kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sezintambo eziphumelelayo.
3. Ukuhlelwa kwezingxenye
Enqubweni yokuhlanganisa elungile, imithetho ye-design for manufacturability (DFM) izokhawulela ukwakheka kwengxenye. Uma umnyango womhlangano uvumela izingxenye ukuthi zihambe, isifunda singalungiswa ngokufanele ukuze kwenziwe izintambo ezizenzakalelayo zibe lula.
Imithetho echaziwe kanye nemikhawulo izothinta ukwakheka kwesakhiwo. Ithuluzi lezintambo ezizenzakalelayo licabangela kuphela isignali eyodwa ngesikhathi. Ngokusetha izithiyo zezintambo nokusetha isendlalelo somugqa wesiginali, ithuluzi lezintambo lingaqedela izintambo njengoba umklami ecabanga.
Isibonelo, ngesakhiwo sentambo yamandla:
①Kusakhiwo se-PCB, isekethe yokuhlukanisa amandla kagesi kufanele yakhelwe eduze kwamasekhethi afanelekile, kunokuba ibekwe engxenyeni yokuphakelwa kwamandla, uma kungenjalo izothinta umphumela wokudlula, futhi i-pulsating current izogeleza kulayini kagesi nolayini waphansi, okubangela ukuphazamiseka. ;
②Ngokuqondisa kokunikezwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwesekethe, amandla kufanele anikezwe kusukela esigabeni sokugcina kuya esigabeni esedlule, futhi i-capacitor yokuhlunga amandla yale ngxenye kufanele ihlelwe eduze nesiteji sokugcina;
③Kumashaneli athile ayinhloko amanje, njengokunqamula noma ukulinganisa amandla ngesikhathi sokulungisa iphutha nokuhlola, izikhala zamanje kufanele zihlelwe ezintanjeni eziphrintiwe phakathi nesakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukunikezwa kwamandla okulawulwayo kufanele kuhlelwe ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe elihlukile ngangokunokwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlela. Lapho ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nesifunda babelana ngebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe, ekuhleleni, kuyadingeka ukugwema ukuhlelwa okuxubile kokunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile kanye nezingxenye zesifunda noma ukwenza ukunikezwa kwamandla kanye nesekethe kuhlanganyele ucingo lomhlabathi. Ngenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwe-wiring alulula nje ukukhiqiza ukuphazamiseka, kodwa futhi alukwazi ukunqamula umthwalo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ingxenye kuphela yezintambo eziphrintiwe zingasikwa ngaleso sikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela kulimaze ibhodi eliphrintiwe.
4. Idizayini yabalandeli
Esigabeni sokuklama i-fan-out, iphinikhodi ngayinye yedivayisi yokukhweza phezulu kufanele okungenani ibe neyodwa nge-, ukuze kuthi lapho kudingeka ukuxhumana okwengeziwe, ibhodi lesifunda lingakwazi ukwenza uxhumano lwangaphakathi, ukuhlola ku-inthanethi, nokucutshungulwa kabusha kwesekethe.
Ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwethuluzi lomzila elizenzakalelayo, elikhulu kunawo wonke ngosayizi nolayini ophrintiwe kufanele kusetshenziswe ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi isikhawu sisethelwe ku-50mil. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-via olukhulisa inani lezindlela zezintambo. Ngemuva kokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela nokubikezela, ukuklanywa kokuhlolwa kwe-inthanethi kwesekethe kungenziwa ekuqaleni kwesakhiwo futhi kubonakale esigabeni sakamuva senqubo yokukhiqiza. Nquma uhlobo lwe-fan-out ngokuya ngendlela yezintambo kanye nokuhlolwa kwesekethe ku-inthanethi. Amandla nomhlabathi nakho kuzothinta izintambo kanye nedizayini yokukhipha abalandeli.
5. Ukufakwa kwezintambo ngesandla kanye nokucutshungulwa kwamasignali abalulekile
Ukufaka izintambo ngesandla kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuklama ibhodi lesifunda ephrintiwe manje nasesikhathini esizayo. Ukusebenzisa izintambo ezenziwa ngesandla kusiza amathuluzi ezintambo ezizenzakalelayo ukuze uqedele umsebenzi wokufaka izintambo. Ngokuhambisa umzila nokulungisa inethiwekhi ekhethiwe (inethi), indlela engasetshenziselwa umzila ozenzakalelayo ingakhiwa.
Amasignali okhiye afakwa izintambo kuqala, ngokuzenzela noma ahlanganiswe namathuluzi okufaka izintambo okuzenzakalelayo. Ngemva kokuba i-wiring isiqediwe, ubunjiniyela obufanele kanye nabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bazohlola izintambo zesignali. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa kudlulisiwe, izintambo zizolungiswa, bese izimpawu ezisele zizofakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngenxa yobukhona be-impedance ocingweni lomhlabathi, kuzoletha ukuphazamiseka okuvamile kwe-impedance kumjikelezo.
Ngakho-ke, ungaxhumi ngokungahleliwe noma yimaphi amaphuzu anezimpawu zokumisa phansi ngesikhathi sezintambo, ezingase zikhiqize ukuhlanganisa okuyingozi futhi zithinte ukusebenza kwesifunda. Kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, i-inductance yocingo izoba ngama-oda amaningana amakhulu kunokumelana nocingo ngokwalo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngisho noma i-high-frequency yamanje encane igeleza ngocingo, ukwehla okuthile kwe-voltage ephezulu kakhulu kuzokwenzeka.
Ngakho-ke, kumasekhethi anemvamisa ephezulu, ukwakheka kwe-PCB kufanele kuhlelwe ngokubumbana ngangokunokwenzeka futhi izintambo eziphrintiwe kufanele zibe zifushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Kukhona inductance mutual kanye capacitance phakathi kwezintambo eziphrintiwe. Uma i-frequency yokusebenza inkulu, izodala ukuphazamiseka kwezinye izingxenye, okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-parasitic coupling.
Izindlela zokuvimbela zingase zithathwe:
① Zama ukufinyeza izintambo zesignali phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga;
②Hlela wonke amazinga wamasekhethi ngokulandelana kwamasignali ukuze ugweme ukuwela izinga ngalinye lemigqa yesignali;
③Izintambo zamaphaneli amabili ancikene kufanele zibe yi-perpendicular noma ziwela, zingahambelani;
④ Uma izintambo zesiginali kufanele zibekwe ngokuhambisana ebhodini, lezi zintambo kufanele zihlukaniswe ibanga elithile ngangokunokwenzeka, noma zihlukaniswe izintambo eziphansi nezintambo zamandla ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuvikela.
6. Izintambo ezizenzakalelayo
Ukuze uthole izintambo zamasignali okhiye, udinga ukucabangela ukulawula ezinye izimiso zikagesi phakathi nezintambo, njengokunciphisa i-inductance esabalalisiwe, njll. Ngemva kokuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlaka zokufaka ithuluzi lezintambo ezizenzakalelayo nomthelela wamapharamitha okokufaka kuzintambo, ikhwalithi izintambo ezizenzakalelayo zingatholakala ngezinga elithile Isiqinisekiso. Imithetho evamile kufanele isetshenziswe lapho kuthuthwa amasignali ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngokusetha izimo zokuvinjelwa nokuvimbela izindawo zezintambo ukuze kukhawulwe izendlalelo ezisetshenziswa isignali enikeziwe kanye nenani lama-vias asetshenzisiwe, ithuluzi lokufaka izintambo lingakwazi ukuhambisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izintambo ngokwemibono kanjiniyela yokuklama. Ngemva kokusetha izithiyo nokusebenzisa imithetho edaliwe, umzila ozenzakalelayo uzofinyelela imiphumela efana nemiphumela elindelekile. Ngemuva kokuthi ingxenye yomklamo isiqediwe, izolungiswa ukuze ivinjwe ukuthi ingathinteki yinqubo elandelayo yomzila.
Inombolo ye-wiring incike kubunzima besifunda kanye nenani lemithetho ejwayelekile echazwe. Amathuluzi anamuhla okufaka izintambo okuzenzakalelayo anamandla kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile angaqedela u-100% wezintambo. Kodwa-ke, lapho ithuluzi lezintambo ezizenzakalelayo lingaqedanga zonke izintambo zesignali, kuyadingeka ukuhambisa amasignali asele ngesandla.
7. Ukuhlelwa kwezintambo
Kwamanye amasignali anezingqinamba ezimbalwa, ubude bezintambo bude kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungakwazi kuqala ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi i-wiring enengqondo nokuthi iyiphi i-wiring engenangqondo, bese uhlela mathupha ukuze unciphise ubude bezintambo zesignali futhi unciphise inani le-vias.