1. Ungabhekana kanjani nokungqubuzana kwethiyori kuzintambo zangempela?
Ngokuyisisekelo, kulungile ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa umhlabathi we-analog/digital. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulandelela isignali akufanele kuwele i-moat ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi indlela yamanje yokubuya yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye nesignali akufanele ibe mkhulu kakhulu.
I-crystal oscillator i-analog positive feedback oscillation circuit. Ukuze ibe nesiginali ye-oscillation ezinzile, kufanele ihlangabezane nenzuzo yeluphu kanye nokucaciswa kwesigaba. Imininingwane ye-oscillation yalesi siginali ye-analog iphazamiseka kalula. Ngisho noma iminonjana ye-ground guard yengezwa, ukuphazamiseka kungase kungabi yodwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo endizeni yaphansi uzophinde uthinte i-positive oscillation circuit uma ikude kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ibanga phakathi kwe-crystal oscillator ne-chip kumele libe seduze ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngempela, kukhona ukungqubuzana okuningi phakathi kwezintambo ezinesivinini esikhulu kanye nezidingo ze-EMI. Kodwa umgomo oyisisekelo ukuthi ukumelana namandla noma ubuhlalu be-ferrite obungezwe yi-EMI abukwazi ukubangela izici ezithile zikagesi zesiginali ukuthi zehluleke ukuhlangabezana nezicaciso. Ngakho-ke, kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa amakhono okuhlela ukulandelelwa kanye nokunqwabelanisa kwe-PCB ukuze uxazulule noma unciphise izinkinga ze-EMI, njengamasiginali wesivinini esikhulu aya kungqimba lwangaphakathi. Okokugcina, ama-resistance capacitors noma i-ferrite bead isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa umonakalo esignali.

2. Indlela yokuxazulula ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-wiring manual kanye ne-wiring ezenzakalelayo yamasignali anesivinini?
Iningi lamarutha azenzakalelayo esoftware eqinile yezintambo asethe izithiyo zokulawula indlela yokusonta kanye nenani lama-vias. Amandla enjini ejikajikayo kanye nezinto zokusetha izingqinamba zezinkampani ezahlukahlukene ze-EDA kwesinye isikhathi zihluka kakhulu.
Isibonelo, noma ngabe kunezingqinamba ezanele zokulawula indlela yokusonteka kwenyoka, noma kungenzeka yini ukulawula isikhala sokulandelela sepheya ehlukile, njll. Lokhu kuzothinta ukuthi indlela yomzila wokuzulazula okuzenzakalelayo ingahlangabezana yini nombono womklami.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunzima bokulungisa i-wiring ngesandla buhlobene ngokuphelele nekhono lenjini yokuphefumula. Isibonelo, ikhono lokududula lomkhondo, ikhono lokusunduza le-via, ngisho nekhono lokusunduza lomkhondo ukuya enamathela ethusi, njll. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha irutha enamandla enjini yokusonta enamandla kuyisixazululo.

3. Mayelana nesigqebhezana sokuhlola.
Ikhuphoni lokuhlola lisetshenziselwa ukukala ukuthi ingabe isici sebhodi le-PCB elikhiqiziwe liyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zokuklama nge-TDR (Time Domain Reflectometer). Ngokuvamile, i-impedance okufanele ilawulwe inamacala amabili: ucingo olulodwa kanye nokubhangqa okuhlukile.
Ngakho-ke, ububanzi bomugqa kanye nesikhala somugqa kukhuphoni yokuhlola (uma kukhona ipheya ehlukile) kufanele kufane nolayini okufanele ulawulwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu indawo yephuzu eliphansi ngesikhathi sokulinganisa.
Ukuze kuncishiswe inani le-inductance lomthofu ophansi, indawo ephansi ye-TDR probe ngokuvamile iseduze kakhulu nethiphu ye-probe. Ngakho-ke, ibanga kanye nendlela phakathi kwephoyinti lokulinganisa isignali kanye nephuzu eliphansi kukhuphoni lokuhlola Kumele kufane nophenyo olusetshenzisiwe.

4. Ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB enesivinini esikhulu, indawo engenalutho yongqimba lwesiginali ingambozwa ngethusi, futhi ucwecwe lwethusi lwezendlalelo zamasignali amaningi kufanele lusatshalaliswe kanjani phansi kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla?
Ngokuvamile, i-copper plating endaweni engenalutho ngokuvamile isekelwe. Vele unake ibanga phakathi kwethusi kanye nomugqa wesignali lapho usebenzisa ithusi eduze komugqa wesignali wesivinini esikhulu, ngoba ithusi elisetshenzisiwe lizonciphisa ukukhubazeka kwesici sokulandelela kancane. Futhi qaphela ukuthi ungaphazamisi isici sezinye izendlalelo, isibonelo esakhiweni somugqa wemigqa emibili.

5. Ingabe kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imodeli yomugqa we-microstrip ukubala ukuvinjelwa kwesici komugqa wesiginali endizeni yamandla? Ingabe isignali phakathi kokunikezwa kwamandla nendiza yaphansi ingabalwa kusetshenziswa imodeli ye-stripline?
Yebo, indiza yamandla nendiza ephansi kufanele kuthathwe njengezindiza eziyinkomba lapho kubalwa isici esivimbelayo. Isibonelo, ibhodi elinezingqimba ezine: isendlalelo esiphezulu-amandla isendlalelo-phansi isendlalelo-phansi. Ngalesi sikhathi, imodeli ye-impedance yesici yesendlalelo esiphezulu imodeli yomugqa we-microstrip enendiza yamandla njengendiza eyinkomba.

6. Ingabe amaphuzu okuhlola angenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo isofthiwe kumabhodi aphrintiwe asondelene kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlola zokukhiqiza ngobuningi?
Ngokuvamile, ukuthi isofthiwe ikhiqiza ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphuzu okuhlola ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokuhlola kuncike ekutheni izicaciso zokwengeza izindawo zokuhlola ziyahlangabezana yini nezimfuneko zempahla yokuhlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma i-wiring iminyene kakhulu futhi imithetho yokwengeza amaphuzu okuhlola iqinile, kungase kube khona indlela yokwengeza ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphuzu okuhlola emgqeni ngamunye. Yebo, udinga ukugcwalisa mathupha izindawo ezizohlolwa.

7. Ingabe ukungeza amaphuzu okuhlola kuzothinta ikhwalithi yamasignali anesivinini esikhulu?
Ukuthi izothinta ikhwalithi yesignali kuncike endleleni yokwengeza amaphuzu okuhlola nokuthi isignali ishesha kangakanani. Ngokuyisisekelo, amaphuzu okuhlola engeziwe (ungasebenzisi iphinikhodi ekhona nge-DIP noma njengamaphoyinti okuhlola) angase engezwe emugqeni noma adonse umugqa omfushane emgqeni.
Owokuqala ulingana nokwengeza i-capacitor encane emgqeni, kanti lena yokugcina igatsha elengeziwe. Zombili lezi zimo zizothinta isignali yesivinini esikhulu kakhulu noma ngaphansi, futhi izinga lomphumela lihlobene nesivinini semvamisa yesignali kanye nesilinganiso somkhawulo wesignali. Ubukhulu bomthelela bungaziwa ngokulingisa. Empeleni, iphoyinti lokuhlola lincane, lingcono (Yebo, kufanele lihlangabezane nezidingo zethuluzi lokuhlola) lifushane igatsha, lingcono.