Kuyini ukwethembeka?

Ukuthembeka kubhekisela “kokuthenjwayo” kanye “nokwethenjwa”, futhi kubhekisela emandleni omkhiqizo okwenza umsebenzi othile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi phakathi nesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Ngemikhiqizo yetheminali, lapho ukuthembeka kuphezulu, kulapho isiqinisekiso sokusetshenziswa siphezulu.

Ukwethembeka kwe-PCB kubhekisela emandleni “ebhodi elingenalutho” ukuhlangabezana nezimo zokukhiqiza zomhlangano we-PCBA olandelayo, futhi ngaphansi kwendawo ethile yokusebenza nezimo zokusebenza, ingagcina imisebenzi evamile yokusebenza isikhathi esithile.

Ukwethembeka kukhula kanjani kube ukugxila komphakathi?

Ngawo-1950s, phakathi neMpi YaseKorea, i-50% yezinto zikagesi zase-US zehlulekile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, futhi u-60% wezinto zikagesi ezihamba emoyeni azikwazanga ukusetshenziswa ngemva kokuthunyelwa eMpumalanga Ekude. I-United States ithole ukuthi imishini ye-elekthronikhi engathembekile ithinta inqubekelaphambili yempi, futhi isilinganiso sezindleko zonyaka zokuyilungisa siyiphinda kabili izindleko zokuthengwa kwemishini.

Ngo-1949, i-American Institute of Radio Engineers yasungula inhlangano yokuqala yezemfundo enokwethenjelwa-Reliability Technology Group. Ngo-December 1950, i-United States yasungula i-“Electronic Equipment Reliability Special Committee”. Amasosha, izinkampani ezikhiqiza izikhali kanye nezifundiswa zaqala ukungenelela ocwaningweni lokwethembeka. Ngo-March 1952, lase linikeze ukusikisela okufinyelele kude; imiphumela yocwaningo kufanele isetshenziswe kuqala Ezimbonini ze-aerospace, ezempi, ze-electronics nezinye zezempi, kancane kancane yanda ezimbonini zabantu.

Ngawo-1960, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni ye-aerospace, ukuklama ukwethembeka nezindlela zokuhlola zamukelwa futhi zasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-avionics, futhi ubunjiniyela bokwethenjwa buthuthuke ngokushesha! Ngo-1965, i-United States yakhipha "Izidingo Zokuthembela Kwesistimu Nezisetshenziswa". Imisebenzi yobunjiniyela ethembekile yahlanganiswa nomklamo wendabuko, ukuthuthukiswa, nokukhiqiza ukuze kutholwe izinzuzo ezinhle. I-ROHM Aviation Development Centre isungule isikhungo sokuhlaziya ukuthembeka, esizibandakanya ocwaningweni lokuthembeka kwe-elekthronikhi ne-electromechanical, izingxenye zemishini nezinhlelo zikagesi ezihlobene nemishini kagesi, okuhlanganisa ukubikezela ukwethembeka, ukwabiwa kokwethembeka, ukuhlolwa kokwethembeka, i-physics yokwethembeka, nokuthembeka Ukuqoqwa kwedatha yezocansi, ukuhlaziywa. , njll.

Maphakathi nawo-1970, inkinga yezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila wohlelo lwezikhali zokuvikela lwase-US yayigqamile. Abantu baqaphela ngokujulile ukuthi ubunjiniyela obuthembekile buyithuluzi elibalulekile lokunciphisa izindleko zokuphila. Izimboni ezinokwethenjelwa ziye zathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe, futhi kuye kwasungulwa imiklamo eqinile, engokoqobo, nesebenza ngempumelelo. Futhi izindlela zokuhlola zamukelwe, eziqhuba ukukhula okusheshayo kocwaningo lokuhluleka kanye namasu okuhlaziya.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, ubunjiniyela obuthembekile buthuthukile busuka ezinkampanini zezimboni zamasosha kuya embonini yolwazi kagesi yomphakathi, ezokuthutha, isevisi, amandla kanye nezinye izimboni, kusukela kochwepheshe kuya “kwemboni evamile”. Uhlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi ye-ISO9001 luhlanganisa ukuphathwa kokwethembeka njengengxenye ebalulekile yokubuyekezwa, futhi amazinga ochwepheshe ahlobene nokwethembeka afakwe kumadokhumenti esistimu yokuphathwa kwekhwalithi, abe isigatshana sokuphatha “okufanele ukwenze”.

Namuhla, ukuphathwa kokwethembeka kuye kwamukelwa kabanzi yizo zonke izigaba zokuphila emphakathini, futhi ifilosofi yebhizinisi yenkampani ngokuvamile isishintshile kusukela kwedlule “Ngifuna ukunaka ukwethembeka komkhiqizo” kuya kweyamanje “Ngifuna ukunaka kakhulu ukwethembeka komkhiqizo. ”!

Kungani ukwethembeka kubaluleke kakhulu?

Ngo-1986, umkhumbi-mkhathi wase-United States othi “Challenger” waqhuma imizuzwana engu-76 ngemva kokusuka, wabulala osomkhathi abangu-7 futhi walahlekelwa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,3. Imbangela eyinhloko yengozi yayingenxa yokwehluleka kwezimpawu!

Ngawo-1990, i-United States UL yakhipha idokhumenti ethi ama-PCB akhiqizwa eShayina abangele imililo eminingi yemishini nemishini e-United States. Isizathu siwukuthi amafekthri e-PCB yaseChina asebenzisa amapuleti angewona amalangabi, kodwa ayephawulwe ngo-UL.

Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni, isinxephezelo se-PCBA sokwehluleka ukwethembeka singaphezu kuka-90% wezindleko zokungaphumeleli zangaphandle!

Ngokokuhlaziywa kwe-GE, ezintweni zokusebenza eziqhubekayo ezifana namandla, ezokuthutha, izimayini, ezokuxhumana, ukulawulwa kwezimboni, nokwelashwa, ngisho noma ukwethembeka kwenyuke ngo-1%, izindleko zenyuka ngo-10%. I-PCBA inokwethenjelwa okuphezulu, izindleko zokulungisa kanye nokulahlekelwa isikhathi sokuphumula kungancishiswa kakhulu, futhi izimpahla nokuphepha kwempilo kuqinisekisiwe kakhulu!

Namuhla, uma sibheka umhlaba, ukuncintisana kwezwe nezwe kuguquke kwaba ukuncintisana kwebhizinisi kuya kwebhizinisi. Ubunjiniyela bokwethenjwa buwumngcele wezinkampani ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana komhlaba, futhi kuyisikhali esiwumlingo sokuthi izinkampani zigqame emakethe eya ngokuya ishube.