Isidingo samadivayisi asebenza kahle kakhulu anomsebenzi owandisiwe siyakhula emkhakheni oshintsha njalo wezinto zikagesi. Isidingo sobuchwepheshe bebhodi lesekethe ephrintiwe (PCB) sibe nomphumela wenqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo, ikakhulukazi esizindeni sezicelo ezisebenza ngamaza aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa komklamo we-PCB enezingqimba eziningi sekuyisixazululo esibalulekile ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezinzima zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ukufika kwama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi

Ngokomlando, amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe ayebonakala ngokuyinhloko ngesakhiwo sawo esisodwa noma esinezendlalelo ezimbili, esibeka izithiyo ekufanelekeni kwawo kwezicelo zamaza aphezulu ngenxa yokonakala kwesiginali kanye nokuphazanyiswa kukagesi kagesi (EMI). Noma kunjalo, ukwethulwa kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe anezendlalelo eziningi kuholele entuthukweni ephawulekayo yobuqotho besignali, ukuncishiswa kwe-electromagnetic interference (EMI), kanye nokusebenza kukonke.
Amabhodi esekethe ephrintiwe anezendlalelo eziningi (ama-PCB) ahlukaniswa kozakwabo abanesendlalelo esisodwa noma ezimbili ngokuba khona kwezingqimba ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ezihlukanisayo ezihlukaniswa ngezinto ezivikelayo, ezivame ukwaziwa ngokuthi izendlalelo ze-dielectric. Ukuxhumana kwalezi zendlalelo kwenziwa lula ngama-vias, okungamaphaseji amancane ahambayo enza kube lula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingqimba ezihlukene. Idizayini eyinkimbinkimbi yama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi inika amandla ukuhlangana okukhulu kwezingxenye kanye nokujikeleza okuyinkimbinkimbi, okubenza babaluleke kubuchwepheshe besimanje.
Ama-PCB angama-Multilayer ngokuvamile abonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuqina ngenxa yenselele engokwemvelo yokuzuza izendlalelo eziningi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-PCB esiguquguqukayo. Ukuxhumana kukagesi phakathi kwezendlalelo kusungulwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-vias, okuhlanganisa nezimbobo ezingaboni kanye nezigqitshiwe.
Ukucushwa kuhlanganisa ukubekwa kwezingqimba ezimbili endaweni ukuze kusungulwe ukuxhumana phakathi kwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe (PCB) nendawo yangaphandle. Ngokuvamile, ukuminyana kwezingqimba kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe (ama-PCB) kuyalingana. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthambekela kwezinombolo ezingavamile ezindabeni ezifana ne-warping.
Inani lezendlalelo ngokuvamile liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza oluthile, ngokuvamile liwela phakathi kwebanga lezendlalelo ezine kuya kweziyishumi nambili.
Ngokuvamile, iningi lezinhlelo zokusebenza lidinga okungenani izendlalelo ezine kanye nenani eliphakeme lezingqimba eziyisishiyagalombili. Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nama-smartphones zisebenzisa kakhulu izendlalelo eziyishumi nambili.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyinhloko

Ama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa:
●I-Consumer electronics, lapho ama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi edlala indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni amandla adingekayo namasiginali ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo efana nama-smartphone, amathebulethi, amakhonsoli amageyimu, namadivayisi agqokekayo. Izinto zikagesi ezithambile neziphathwayo esithembele kuzo nsuku zonke zibangelwa ukwakheka kwazo okuhlangene kanye nokuminyana kwezingxenye eziphezulu.
● Emkhakheni wezokuxhumana, ukusetshenziswa kwama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi kusiza ukudluliswa kahle kwezwi, idatha, namasignali evidiyo kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi, ngalokho kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile nokusebenzayo.
● Amasistimu okulawula izimboni ancike kakhulu kumabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe anezingqimba eziningi (ama-PCB) ngenxa yamandla awo okuphatha ngempumelelo amasistimu okulawula ayinkimbinkimbi, izindlela zokuqapha, nezinqubo zokuzenzakalela. Amaphaneli okulawula umshini, amarobhothi, kanye ne-automation yezimboni kuncike kuwo njengohlelo lwazo oluyisisekelo lokusekela
●Ama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi nawo abalulekile kumadivayisi ezokwelapha, njengoba abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba, ukwethembeka, nokubumbana. Imishini yokuxilonga, izinhlelo zokuqapha isiguli, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha esindisa ukuphila kuthonywa kakhulu indima yazo ebalulekile.

Izinzuzo kanye nezinzuzo

Ama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo nezinzuzo ezimbalwa ezinhlelweni ezisebenza ngamaza aphezulu, okuhlanganisa:
● Ubuqotho besignali obuthuthukisiwe: Ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi asiza ukulawulwa kwe-impedance, anciphise ukuhlanekezela kwesignali futhi aqinisekise ukudluliswa okuthembekile kwamasignali amaza aphezulu. Ukuphazamiseka kwesignali ephansi yamabhodi esekethe ephrintiwe anezendlalelo eziningi kuphumela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe, isivinini, nokwethembeka.
● I-EMI Encishisiwe: Ngokusebenzisa izindiza ezizinikezele ezisekelwe phansi namandla, ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi acindezela ngempumelelo i-EMI, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukwethembeka kwesistimu futhi anciphise ukuphazamiseka kwamasekhethi angomakhelwane.
●Idizayini Ehlangene: Ngekhono lokwamukela izingxenye ezengeziwe nezikimu zendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi anika amandla imiklamo ehlangene, ebalulekile ezinhlelweni ezisebenza emkhathini ezifana namadivayisi eselula nezinhlelo ze-aerospace.
● Ukuphathwa Kwe-Thermal Okuthuthukisiwe: Ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi anikeza ukuchithwa kokushisa okuphumelelayo ngokuhlanganisa ama-vias ashisayo kanye nezendlalelo zethusi ezibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile, okuthuthukisa ukuthembeka nempilo yezingxenye zamandla aphezulu.
●Ukuguquguquka Kwedizayini: Ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezihlukahlukene kwama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi kuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwedizayini, okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi bathuthukise amapharamitha okusebenza afana nokumatanisa okuvimbelekile, ukubambezeleka kokusabalalisa isignali, nokusabalalisa amandla.

Ukubi

Enye yezingqinamba eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa namabhodi esekethe aphrintelwe izendlalelo eziningi izindleko zawo eziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-PCB anongqimba olulodwa nakabili kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yokukhiqiza. Izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zihlotshaniswa nezisetshenziswa ezikhethekile ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni kwazo.
Ukukhiqiza nakho kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi kudinga isikhathi sokuklama eside kakhulu nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezinobuhlakani uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-PCB. Inkimbinkimbi Yokukhiqiza: Ukwenziwa kwama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi kudinga izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuhlanganisa ukuqondanisa kwesendlalelo esinembayo, umzila wokuvinjelwa okulawulwayo, nezinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nezikhathi zokuhola ezinde.
Ama-PCB amaningi adinga ukuklanywa kwangaphambili okuphelele futhi, ngakho-ke, onjiniyela abanolwazi bayadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe. Ukukhiqizwa kwebhodi ngalinye kudinga isikhathi esiningi, okuholela ekwandeni kwezindleko zabasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kubangele izikhawu zesikhathi ezinwetshiwe phakathi kokufakwa kwe-oda nokwamukelwa komkhiqizo, okungaba inselele kwezinye izimo.
Noma kunjalo, lokhu kukhathazeka akubukeli phansi ukusebenza kahle kwamabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe we-multilayer (PCBs). Nakuba ama-PCB anezingqimba eziningi evame ukubiza kakhulu kunama-PCB ongqimba olulodwa, anikeza izinzuzo eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nalolu hlobo lwebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe.
Njengoba izinto zikagesi ziqhubeka nokuncipha ngosayizi nokwanda kokuminyana kwamandla, ukuphatha okushisayo okusebenzayo kuba semqoka kuma-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi, okudingekile izixazululo ezintsha zokunciphisa izindawo ezishisayo nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle. Ukwengeza, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemiklamo ye-PCB enezendlalelo eziningi kudinga izindlela zokuhlola eziphelele, ezihlanganisa ukulingisa, ukufanisa, nokuhlolwa kokuthobelana, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwamazinga kanye nokucaciswa komkhakha.

Amathiphu wokuklama we-Multilayer PCB

Uma udala ibhodi lesekethe eliphrintiwe elendlalelo eziningi (PCB) lezinhlelo zokusebenza zemvamisa ephezulu, iziphakamiso ezimbalwa eziwusizo zivame ukusebenziseka.
Ukuze kuncishiswe izinkinga ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB yezendlalelo eziningi, indawo eyinhloko yokugcizelela ngokuvamile izungeza isitaki. Lapho wenza izinqumo mayelana nokunqwabelana kwesendlalelo, kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezifana nokusebenza, ukukhiqiza, nokusatshalaliswa.
Qala ngokuthuthukisa ubukhulu bebhodi, njengoba lokhu kuzoba nomthelela ezinqumweni eziphathelene nezinye izici. Lapho unquma usayizi webhodi ofanele, cabangela izici ezilandelayo:
●Inani lezingxenye okufanele zibekwe ebhodini
●Ubukhulu balezi zingxenye
●Lapho kuzofakwa khona ibhodi
● Izibonelelo zikazakwethu okhiqizayo zokubeka izikhala, izindawo zokuvula, nezimbobo zokubhoboza
Uma inani lezendlalelo selinqunyiwe, ukukhethwa kwe-vias, okungaba yimpumputhe, ngembobo, kugqitshwe noma nge-pad kuyokwenziwa. Lesi sici sithinta inkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza, yingakho ikhwalithi ye-PCB.
Esigabeni sokuklama se-PCB yezingxenye eziningi, isofthiwe yokuklama ye-PCB iyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokuklama. Isiza abaklami ukuthi bakhiqize ukwakheka kokuxhumeka kwemishini nezintambo ze-PCB kusukela kuhlu lwenethiwekhi, nokubeka lesi sakhiwo sokuxhuma kuma-multilayers kanye nokwenza amafayela omklamo asizwa ngekhompuyutha. Le CAD ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-PCB. Kunezinketho ezimbalwa zesofthiwe yokuklama ye-PCB ongazisebenzisa ukuze udizayine i-PCB yakho yezendlalelo eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye ezimbalwa zisetshenziswa kakhulu kunezinye, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-interface yazo elula, phakathi kwezinye izizathu.
I-DFM, inhloso yayo kuwukwakha izingxenye zomkhiqizo nezingxenye ezisiza ukukhiqizwa, nayo izocatshangelwa. Inhloso ukuthola imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu ngezindleko ezincishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kuhlanganisa ukwenza lula, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nokwenza kahle ukwakheka komkhiqizo. I-DFM kufanele yenziwe ngesikhathi esifanele ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenzisa amathuluzi. Kubalulekile ukubandakanya bonke ababambiqhaza ku-DFM. Ukubamba iqhaza kwabaningana ababambiqhaza, okuhlanganisa abaklami, onjiniyela, abakhiqizi bezinkontileka, abahlinzeki bezinto ezibonakalayo, nabakhi besikhunta, kubalulekile. Ngokwenza kanjalo, izinkinga ezingenzeka ngomklamo zingancishiswa.

Ukwenziwa

Ukukhiqiza ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zefrikhwensi ephezulu kuhilela izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezimbalwa:
●Ukuklama Nesakhiwo: Onjiniyela basebenzisa isofthiwe yokuklama ye-PCB ekhethekile ukuze bakhe isakhiwo, becabangela izici ezifana nobuqotho besignali, ukuphathwa kwe-thermal, kanye nokunciphisa i-EMI.
● Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile: Izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu ezine-dielectric engaguquki kanye ne-tangent yokulahlekelwa zikhethwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa kwesignali nokugcina ukusebenza kwe-high-frequency.
● Ukuhlelwa Kwesitaki Sesendlalelo: Isitaki sesendlalelo sihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuthuthukiswe umzila wesignali, ukufaniswa kwe-impedance, nokushabalala kwe-thermal, kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nefrikhwensi yesignali, ukujiya kwebhodi, nogqinsi lwethusi.
●Ukwenziwa kanye Nokuhlanganisa: Amasu okwenziwa athuthukisiwe afana nokubhola nge-laser, i-lamination elandelanayo, nokufakwa kwe-impedance okulawulwayo kusetshenziswa ukuze kwenziwe ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi ngokunemba nokwethembeka.
●Ukuhlola Nokuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi: Izinqubo zokuhlola eziqinile, okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kobuqotho besignali, izilinganiso zokuthikamezeka, izithombe ezishisayo, nokuhlolwa kwe-EMI, kwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza, ukwethembeka, nokuhambisana kwama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi namazinga embonini nokucaciswa.

Isiphetho

Ukuvela kwedizayini ye-PCB enezendlalelo eziningi kuguqule umkhakha wama-elekthronikhi wemvamisa ephezulu, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamadivayisi asezingeni eliphezulu ngokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe, ukwethembeka, kanye nokusebenza. Naphezu kwezinselele zobuqotho besignali, inkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza, kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa, izinzuzo zama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi zizidlula kude izinselele, ziwenza abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zamafrikhwensi aphezulu, okuhlanganisa ezokuxhumana, i-aerospace, izimoto, kanye nogesi wezokwelapha. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ezintweni zokwakha, amasu okwenziwa, nezindlela zokuklama, ama-PCB anezendlalelo eziningi akulungele ukuqhubeka nokushayela emisha kuma-elekthronikhi asezingeni eliphezulu iminyaka eminingi ezayo.