Amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe aklanywe kabi noma ama-PCB awasoze ahlangabezana nekhwalithi edingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwezentengiso. Ikhono lokwahlulela ikhwalithi yomklamo we-PCB libaluleke kakhulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho nolwazi lokuklama kwe-PCB kuyadingeka ukwenza ukubuyekezwa okuphelele komklamo. Nokho, kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokwahlulela ngokushesha ikhwalithi yomklamo we-PCB.

Umdwebo wohlelo ungase wanele ukukhombisa izingxenye zomsebenzi othile nokuthi zixhumeke kanjani. Kodwa-ke, ulwazi olunikezwa ama-schematics mayelana nokubekwa kwangempela nokuxhumeka kwezingxenye zomsebenzi othile lulinganiselwe kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe i-PCB yakhelwe ngokuqalisa ngokucophelela konke ukuxhunywa kwengxenye yomdwebo ophelele wesimiso sokusebenza, kungenzeka ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina ungase ungasebenzi njengoba bekulindelekile. Ukuze uhlole ngokushesha ikhwalithi yomklamo we-PCB, sicela ucabangele okulandelayo:

1. PCB trace

Imikhondo ebonakalayo ye-PCB imbozwe nge-solder resist, esiza ukuvikela iminonjana yethusi emijikelezweni emifushane kanye ne-oxidation. Imibala ehlukene ingasetshenziswa, kodwa umbala osetshenziswa kakhulu uluhlaza. Qaphela ukuthi kunzima ukubona iminonjana ngenxa yombala omhlophe we-solder mask. Ezimweni eziningi, singabona kuphela izendlalelo eziphezulu nezingaphansi. Uma i-PCB inezendlalelo ezingaphezu kwezimbili, izendlalelo zangaphakathi azibonakali. Kodwa-ke, kulula ukwahlulela ikhwalithi yomklamo ngokubheka izingqimba zangaphandle.

Phakathi nenqubo yokubuyekezwa komklamo, hlola imikhondo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi akukho ukugoba okubukhali nokuthi zonke zinwebeka ngendlela eqondile. Gwema ukugoba okubukhali, ngoba imvamisa ethile ephezulu noma imikhondo yamandla aphezulu ingabangela inkinga. Zigweme ngokuphelele ngoba ziyisignali yokugcina yekhwalithi ephansi yedizayini.

2. I-Decoupling capacitor

Ukuze kuhlungwe noma yimuphi umsindo ovela phezulu ongathinta kabi i-chip, i-decoupling capacitor itholakala eduze kakhulu nephinikhodi yokuhlinzeka amandla. Ngokuvamile, uma i-chip iqukethe iphinikhodi ye-drain-to-drain (VDD) engaphezu kweyodwa, iphinikhodi ngayinye enjalo idinga i-decoupling capacitor, ngezinye izikhathi nangaphezulu.

I-decoupling capacitor kufanele ibekwe eduze kakhulu nephinikhodi ukuze ihlukaniswe. Uma ingafakwa eduze nephinikhodi, umphumela we-decoupling capacitor uzoncishiswa kakhulu. Uma i-decoupling capacitor ingabekwa eduze kwezikhonkwane kuma-microchips amaningi, lokhu kukhombisa futhi ukuthi idizayini ye-PCB ayilungile.

3. Ubude bokulandelela be-PCB bulinganiselwe

Ukuze wenze amasiginali amaningi abe nobudlelwano besikhathi obunembile, ubude bokulandelela be-PCB kufanele bufaniswe ekwakhiweni. Ukufanisa ubude bokulandelela kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amasignali afika lapho aya khona ngokulibaziseka okufanayo futhi kusiza ukugcina ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaphethelo esignali. Kuyadingeka ukufinyelela kumdwebo wohlelo ukuze wazi ukuthi noma iyiphi isethi yemigqa yesignali idinga ubudlelwano besikhathi obunembayo. Lokhu kulandelelwa kungalandelelwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ingabe noma yikuphi ukulinganisa kobude bokulandelela kusetshenzisiwe (okungenjalo kubizwe ngemigqa yokulibaziseka). Ezimweni eziningi, le migqa yokulibaziseka ibonakala njengemigqa egobile.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe kubangelwa vias endleleni isignali. Uma i-vias ingenakugwenywa, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaqembu okulandelela anenani elilinganayo le-vias enobudlelwano obunemba besikhathi. Okunye, ukubambezeleka okudalwe yi- via kunganxeshezelwa ngokusebenzisa ulayini wokulibaziseka.

4. Ukubekwa kwengxenye

Nakuba ama-inductors enekhono lokukhiqiza izizinda kazibuthe, onjiniyela kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi awabekwa eduze komunye nomunye lapho besebenzisa ama-inductors kusekethe. Uma ama-inductors ebekwe eduze komunye nomunye, ikakhulukazi ekupheleni kuya ekupheleni, kuzodala ukuhlanganisa okuyingozi phakathi kwama-inductors. Ngenxa yamandla kazibuthe akhiqizwa i-inductor, amandla kagesi afakwa entweni enkulu yensimbi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele zibekwe ebangeni elithile ukusuka entweni yensimbi, ngaphandle kwalokho inani le-inductance lingashintsha. Ngokubeka ama-inductors perpendicular komunye nomunye, noma ngabe ama-inductors abekwe eduze, ukuhlanganisa okungadingekile kungancishiswa.

Uma i-PCB inezinqamuleli zamandla noma ezinye izingxenye ezikhiqiza ukushisa, udinga ukucabangela umphumela wokushisa kwezinye izingxenye. Isibonelo, uma ama-capacitor esinxephezelo sezinga lokushisa noma ama-thermostat esetshenziswa kusekethe, akufanele abekwe eduze nezimbangi zamandla noma yiziphi izingxenye ezikhiqiza ukushisa.

Kufanele kube nendawo ezinikele ku-PCB yesilawuli sokushintshwa esisebhodini kanye nezingxenye zayo ezihlobene. Le ngxenye kufanele isethwe kude ngangokunokwenzeka engxenyeni ephethe amasignali amancane. Uma ugesi we-AC uxhumeke ngokuqondile ku-PCB, kufanele kube nengxenye ehlukile ohlangothini lwe-AC lwe-PCB. Uma izingxenye zingahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nezincomo ezingenhla, ikhwalithi yomklamo we-PCB izoba yinkinga.

5. Landelela ububanzi

Onjiniyela kufanele baqikelele ngokwengeziwe ukuze banqume kahle usayizi wamathrekhi aphethe imisinga emikhulu. Uma amathrekhi aphethe amasiginali ashintsha ngokushesha noma amasignali edijithali ahambisana nokulandela aphethe amasignali amancane e-analog, izinkinga zokuthatha umsindo zingase ziphakame. I-trace exhunywe kwi-inductor inamandla okusebenza njengothi futhi ingase ibangele ukukhishwa kwefrikhwensi yomsakazo oyingozi. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, lezi zimpawu akufanele zibe banzi.

6. Indiza ephansi nephansi

Uma i-PCB inezingxenye ezimbili, idijithali ne-analog, futhi kufanele ixhunywe endaweni eyodwa kuphela evamile (imvamisa i-terminal yamandla engasebenzi), indiza ephansi kufanele ihlukaniswe. Lokhu kungasiza ukugwema umthelela omubi wengxenye yedijithali engxenyeni ye-analogi obangelwa ukukhuphuka kwamanje okuphansi. I-ground return trace ye-sub-circuit (uma i-PCB inezendlalelo ezimbili kuphela) idinga ukuhlukaniswa, bese kufanele ixhunywe kutheminali yamandla enegethivu. Kutuswa ngokuqinile ukuthi okungenani kube nezingqimba ezine zama-PCB ayinkimbinkimbi ngokulingene, futhi izingqimba ezimbili zangaphakathi ziyadingeka kumandla nezingqimba zomhlabathi.

Ekuphetheni

Konjiniyela, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nolwazi olwanele lobungcweti ekwakhiweni kwe-PCB ukuze wahlulele ikhwalithi yedizayini yesisebenzi esisodwa noma esisodwa. Nokho, onjiniyela abangenalo ulwazi lochwepheshe bangabuka izindlela ezingenhla. Ngaphambi kokudlulela ku-prototyping, ikakhulukazi uma uklama umkhiqizo wokuqala, kuhlale kuwumqondo omuhle ukuthi uchwepheshe ahlole ikhwalithi yomklamo we-PCB.