Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (i-PCB) i-wiring idlala indima ephambili kwiisekethe zesantya esiphezulu, kodwa idla ngokuba yenye yamanyathelo okugqibela kwinkqubo yoyilo lwesekethe. Kukho iingxaki ezininzi nge-high-speed PCB wiring, kwaye luninzi loncwadi olubhaliweyo ngalo mbandela. Eli nqaku lixubusha ngokuyintloko i-wiring yeesekethe zesantya esiphezulu ukusuka kumbono osebenzayo. Eyona njongo iphambili kukunceda abasebenzisi abatsha banike ingqwalasela kwimiba emininzi eyahlukeneyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuyilwa i-PCB yesekethe enesantya esiphezulu. Enye injongo kukubonelela ngezinto zophononongo kubathengi abangakhange bachukumise iintambo zePCB kangangexesha elithile. Ngenxa yokwakheka okulinganiselweyo, eli nqaku alikwazi ukuxubusha yonke imiba ngokweenkcukacha, kodwa siya kuxubusha iinxalenye eziphambili ezinomphumo omkhulu ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwesiphaluka, ukunciphisa ixesha lokuyila, kunye nokugcina ixesha lokuguqulwa.

Nangona ugxininiso oluphambili apha lukwiisekethe ezinxulumene ne-high-speed operation amplifiers, iingxaki kunye neendlela ezixutyushwa apha zisebenza ngokubanzi kwii-wiring ezisetyenziswa kwiisekethe ze-analog ezinesantya esiphezulu. Xa iamplifier esebenzayo isebenza kwibhendi yefrikhwensi yerediyo ephezulu kakhulu (RF), ukusebenza kwesekethe kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuyilo lwePCB. Uyilo lwesekethe oluphezulu olubukeka luhle "kwimizobo" lunokufumana kuphela ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo ukuba luchaphazeleka ngokungakhathali ngexesha locingo. Ukuqwalasela kwangaphambili kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yocingo kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesekethe elindelekileyo.

Umzobo weSchematic

Nangona iskimu esilungileyo singenakuqinisekisa nge-wiring elungileyo, i-wiring elungileyo iqala ngesicwangciso esilungileyo. Cinga ngononophelo xa uzoba iskimu, kwaye kufuneka uqwalasele ukuhamba komqondiso wesekethe yonke. Ukuba kukho ukuhamba komqondiso oqhelekileyo kunye nozinzile ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene kwi-schematic, ngoko kufuneka kubekho ukuhamba kakuhle kwesignali efanayo kwi-PCB. Nika ulwazi oluluncedo kangangoko unakho kwisikim. Ngenxa yokuba ngamanye amaxesha injineli yoyilo lwesekethe ayikho, abathengi baya kusicela ukuba sincede ukusombulula ingxaki yesekethe, abaqulunqi, amagcisa kunye neenjineli ezibandakanyekayo kulo msebenzi baya kuba nombulelo omkhulu, kubandakanywa nathi.

Ukongeza kwizalathisi eziqhelekileyo zereferensi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokunyamezela iimpazamo, loluphi ulwazi ekufuneka lunikezelwe kwisikimu? Nazi ezinye iingcebiso zokuguqula ii-schematics eziqhelekileyo zibe yi-schematics yodidi lokuqala. Yongeza iifom zamaza, ulwazi ngoomatshini malunga neqokobhe, ubude bemigca eprintiweyo, iindawo ezingenanto; bonisa ukuba ngawaphi amacandelo ekufuneka abekwe kwi-PCB; nika ulwazi lohlengahlengiso, uluhlu lwexabiso lecandelo, ulwazi lokulahla ubushushu, ukulawula imigca eprintiweyo yokuthintela, izimvo, kunye neesekethe ezimfutshane Inkcazo yesenzo… (kunye nabanye).
Ungakholelwa mntu

Ukuba awuyiyila i-wiring ngokwakho, qiniseka ukuba uvumela ixesha elaneleyo lokujonga ngononophelo uyilo lomntu wocingo. Uthintelo oluncinci luxabisa amaxesha alikhulu leyeza kule ndawo. Musa ukulindela ukuba umntu ofaka iintambo aziqonde izimvo zakho. Uluvo lwakho kunye nesikhokelo zezona zibalulekileyo kwiinqanaba zokuqala zenkqubo yokuyila i-wiring. Ulwazi oluninzi onokulunikeza, kwaye okukhona ungenelela kuyo yonke inkqubo yocingo, kokukhona isiphumo sePCB siya kuba ngcono. Cwangcisa indawo yokugqiba yovavanyo yoyilo lwe-wiring yoyilo lwenjineli-ekhawulezayo ngokwengxelo yenkqubela phambili yocingo oyifunayo. Le ndlela "ye-loop evaliweyo" ithintela i-wiring ekulahlekeni, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amathuba okusebenza kwakhona.

Imiyalelo ekufuneka inikwe injineli yocingo ibandakanya: inkcazo emfutshane yomsebenzi wesekethe, umzobo wenkqubo yePCB ebonisa igalelo kunye nezithuba zemveliso, ulwazi lokupakisha lwePCB (umzekelo, ukuba ibhodi ingqindilili kangakanani, zingaphi iileya kukho, kunye nolwazi oluthe kratya malunga nomgangatho wophawu ngalunye kunye nomsebenzi wenqwelo-moya esemhlabeni Ukusetyenziswa kombane, ucingo olusemhlabeni, umqondiso we-analog, umqondiso wedijithali kunye nomqondiso weRF); yeyiphi imiqondiso efunekayo kumaleko ngamnye; zifuna ukubekwa kwamacandelo abalulekileyo; indawo ngqo yamacandelo odlulayo; yeyiphi imigca eprintiweyo ebalulekileyo; yeyiphi imigca efuna ukulawula imigca eprintiweyo yokuthintela; Yeyiphi imigca ekufuneka ihambelane nobude; ubungakanani bamacandelo; yeyiphi imigca eprintiweyo ekufuneka ibe kude (okanye isondele) enye kwenye; yeyiphi imigca efuna ukuba kude (okanye isondele) enye kwenye; ngawaphi amacandelo kufuneka abe kude (okanye asondelelene) omnye komnye; ngawaphi amacandelo kufuneka abekwe Phezu kwePCB, zeziphi ezibekwe ngezantsi. Ungaze ukhalaze ukuba kukho ulwazi oluninzi kakhulu kwabanye-kancinci kakhulu? Ngaba ininzi kakhulu? Suku.

Amava okufunda: Malunga neminyaka eyi-10 eyadlulayo, ndayila ibhodi yesekethe ye-multilayer surface-kukho izinto kumacala omabini ebhodi. Sebenzisa izikrufu ezininzi ukulungisa ibhodi kwigobolondo ye-aluminium efakwe ngegolide (kuba kukho izikhombisi eziqinileyo zokuchasana nokungcangcazela). Izikhonkwane ezibonelela ngesondlo somkhethe zidlula ebhodini. Le phini iqhagamshelwe kwi-PCB ngeengcingo ze-soldering. Esi sisixhobo esinzima kakhulu. Amanye amacandelo ebhodi asetyenziselwa ukuseta uvavanyo (SAT). Kodwa ndiyichaze ngokucacileyo indawo yala macandelo. Ungaqikelela ukuba la macandelo afakwe phi? Ngendlela, phantsi kwebhodi. Xa iinjineli zemveliso kunye neengcali kufuneka ziqhawule isixhobo sonke kwaye ziphinde zidibanise emva kokugqiba useto, babonakala bengonwabanga kakhulu. Andizange ndiphinde ndiyenze le mpazamo ukususela ngoko.

Isikhundla

Kanye njengakwiPCB, indawo yinto yonke. Indawo yokubeka isekethe kwi-PCB, apho ukufakwa khona amacandelo athile esekethe, kwaye zeziphi ezinye iisekethe ezikufutshane, zonke ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ngokwesiqhelo, izikhundla zegalelo, imveliso, kunye nonikezelo lwamandla zimiselwa kwangaphambili, kodwa isekethe phakathi kwabo kufuneka "badlale ubuchule babo bokuyila." Kungenxa yoko le nto ukunikela ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha zocingo kuya kuvelisa imbuyekezo enkulu. Qala ngendawo yamacandelo aphambili kwaye uqwalasele isekethe ethile kunye nePCB yonke. Ukucacisa indawo yamacandelo abalulekileyo kunye neendlela zomqondiso ukusuka ekuqaleni kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyilo luhlangabezana neenjongo zomsebenzi ezilindelekileyo. Ukufumana uyilo oluchanekileyo okokuqala kunokunciphisa iindleko kunye noxinzelelo-kwaye unciphise umjikelo wophuhliso.

Amandla okudlula

Ukugqithisa unikezelo lwamandla kwicala lamandla le-amplifier ukuze kuncitshiswe ingxolo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yoyilo lwePCB-kuquka i-amplifiers ezisebenza ngesantya esiphezulu okanye ezinye iisekethe ezinesantya esiphezulu. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zoqwalaselo eziqhelekileyo zokugqitha i-amplifiers ezisebenza ngesantya esiphezulu.

Ukuthoba i-terminal yobonelelo lwamandla: Le ndlela yeyona isebenzayo kwiimeko ezininzi, isebenzisa ii-capacitors ezininzi ezinxuseneyo ukumisa ngokuthe ngqo iphini lonikezelo lwamandla le-amplifier esebenzayo. Ngokubanzi, ii-capacitors ezimbini ezihambelanayo zanele-kodwa ukongeza i-parallel capacitors kunokunceda ezinye iisekethe.

Uqhagamshelo olunxuseneyo lwee-capacitors ezinamaxabiso ahlukeneyo omthamo kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kuphela uthintelo olusezantsi olutshintshanayo (AC) olunokubonwa kwiphini yonikezelo lwamandla ngaphezulu kwebhendi ebanzi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwi-attenuation frequency of operational amplifier power rejection ratio (PSR). Le capacitor inceda ukuhlawulela i-PSR encitshisiweyo ye-amplifier. Ukugcina indlela ephantsi ye-impedance kuluhlu oluninzi lwee-octave ezilishumi kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingxolo enobungozi ayinakungena kwi-op amp. Umzobo we-1 ubonisa iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-capacitors ezininzi ngokufanayo. Kwii-frequencies eziphantsi, ii-capacitors ezinkulu zibonelela ngendlela ephantsi ye-impedance yomhlaba. Kodwa nje ukuba i-frequency ifikelele kwi-resonant frequency, i-capacitance ye-capacitor iya kuba buthathaka kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ibonakale i-inductive. Yingakho kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ii-capacitors ezininzi: xa impendulo ye-frequency ye-capacitor enye iqala ukuhla, impendulo ye-frequency yesinye i-capacitor iqala ukusebenza, ngoko inokugcina i-AC impedance ephantsi kakhulu kwiindidi ezininzi ze-octave ezilishumi.

Qala ngokuthe ngqo ngezikhonkwane zonikezelo lwamandla e-op amp; i-capacitor ene-capacitance encinci kunye nobukhulu obuncinane bomzimba kufuneka bubekwe kwicala elifanayo le-PCB njenge-op amp-kwaye ngokusondeleyo kunokwenzeka kwi-amplifier. I-terminal yomhlaba ye-capacitor kufuneka idibaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-plane yomhlaba kunye nepini emfutshane okanye ucingo oluprintiweyo. Umdibaniso ongentla apha kufuneka usondele kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwitheminali yomthwalo weamplifier ukuze kuncitshiswe uphazamiseko phakathi kwetheminali yamandla kunye netheminali yomhlaba.

Le nkqubo kufuneka iphindwe kwakhona kwii-capacitors ezinexabiso elilandelayo elikhulu le-capacitance. Kungcono ukuqala ngexabiso elincinci le-0.01 µF kwaye ubeke i-2.2 µF (okanye enkulu) i-electrolytic capacitor ene-low equivalent series resistance (ESR) kufutshane nayo. I-0.01 µF capacitor ene-0508 ubukhulu becala ine-series inductance ephantsi kakhulu kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu okuphezulu.

Ubonelelo lwamandla kunikezelo lwamandla: Enye indlela yoqwalaselo isebenzisa enye okanye ngaphezulu i-bypass capacitor eqhagamshelwe kuzo zonke iitheminali zobonelelo lwamandla ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zeamplifier esebenzayo. Le ndlela idla ngokusetyenziswa xa kunzima ukuqwalasela ii-capacitors ezine kwisekethe. Ukungalungi kwayo kukuba ubungakanani becala le-capacitor linokwanda ngenxa yokuba i-voltage kwi-capacitor iphindwe kabini ixabiso le-voltage kwindlela yokubonelela nge-bypass enye. Ukonyusa i-voltage kufuna ukonyusa amandla ombane wokuqhekeka kwesixhobo, oko kukuthi, ukwandisa ubungakanani bendlu. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela inokuphucula i-PSR kunye nokusebenza kokuphazamiseka.

Ngenxa yokuba isiphaluka ngasinye kunye ne-wiring zihluke, ukucwangciswa, inombolo kunye nexabiso le-capacitance ye-capacitors kufuneka limiselwe ngokweemfuno zesekethe yangempela.