I-1 - Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezixubileyo
Umgaqo jikelele kukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuhlanganisa ezixubileyo kwaye zinciphise kwiimeko ezithile. Umzekelo, izibonelelo zokufaka icandelo elinye lokutyhubela umngxuma (PTH) phantse azinakubuyekezwa ngeendleko ezongezelelweyo kunye nexesha elifunekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe. Endaweni yoko, ukusebenzisa amacandelo amaninzi e-PTH okanye ukuwasusa ngokupheleleyo kuyilo kuyakhethwa kwaye kusebenza ngakumbi. Ukuba iteknoloji ye-PTH iyadingeka, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubeke yonke i-vias yecandelo kwicala elifanayo lesekethe eprintiweyo, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo kwindibano.

2 – Ubungakanani becandelo
Ngexesha loyilo lwe-PCB, kubalulekile ukukhetha ubungakanani bephakheji obuchanekileyo kwicandelo ngalinye. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka ukhethe kuphela ipakethe encinci ukuba unesizathu esibambekayo; kungenjalo, yiya kwiphakheji enkulu. Enyanisweni, abaqulunqi be-elektroniki bahlala bekhetha amacandelo aneepakethe ezincinci ngokungeyomfuneko, ukudala iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngexesha lendibano kunye nokuguqulwa kweesekethe ezinokwenzeka. Ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani botshintsho olufunekayo, kwezinye iimeko kunokuba lula ngakumbi ukudibanisa ibhodi yonke kunokukhupha kunye nokuthengisa amacandelo afunekayo.

I-3 - indawo esetyenzisiweyo
Umzobo wecandelo lelinye inkalo ebalulekileyo yokuhlanganisa. Ngoko ke, abaqulunqi bePCB kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iphakheji nganye yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo ngokwepateni yomhlaba echazwe kwiphepha ledatha lecandelo ngalinye elihlanganisiweyo. Ingxaki enkulu ebangelwa yimizila yeenyawo engalunganga kukwenzeka kwento ebizwa ngokuba yi "tombstone effect", eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Manhattan effect okanye i-alligator effect. Le ngxaki yenzeka xa icandelo elidityanisiweyo lifumana ubushushu obungalinganiyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthengisela, okubangela ukuba icandelo elidityanisiweyo linamathele kwi-PCB kwicala elinye kuphela endaweni yazo zombini. Into yelitye lengcwaba ichaphazela ikakhulu amacandelo e-SMD anje ngokuxhathisa, ii-capacitors, kunye nee-inductors. Isizathu sokwenzeka kwayo kukufudumeza okungalinganiyo. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo:

Imilinganiselo yepateni yomhlaba ehambelana necandelo ayichanekanga I-amplitudes ehlukeneyo yeengoma eziqhagamshelwe kwiipadi ezimbini zecandelo Ububanzi bomzila obanzi kakhulu, osebenza njengento yokutshisa ukushisa.

4 - Izithuba phakathi kwamalungu
Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwe-PCB yindawo engonelanga phakathi kwezinto ezikhokelela ekushiseni ngokugqithiseleyo. Indawo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo, ngakumbi kwimeko yeesekethe ezintsonkothileyo ekufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezinzima kakhulu. Ukubeka icandelo elinye kufutshane kakhulu kwamanye amacandelo kunokudala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengxaki, ubunzima obunokufuna utshintsho kuyilo lwePCB okanye inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuchitha ixesha kunye nokunyusa iindleko.

Xa usebenzisa indibano ezenzekelayo kunye noomatshini bovavanyo, qiniseka ukuba icandelo ngalinye likude ngokwaneleyo ukusuka kumalungu oomatshini, imiphetho yebhodi yesekethe, kunye nawo onke amanye amacandelo. Amacandelo asondelelene kakhulu okanye ajikeleziswe ngokungalunganga ngumthombo weengxaki ngexesha le-wave soldering. Umzekelo, ukuba icandelo eliphezulu landulela icandelo lobude obusezantsi ecaleni kwendlela elandelwa liza, oku kunokudala isiphumo "somthunzi" esenza buthathaka i-weld. Iisekethe ezidibeneyo ezijikeleziswa nge-perpendicular ukuya kwenye ziya kuba nesiphumo esifanayo.

I-5 - Uluhlu lwamacandelo luhlaziywe
I-bill of parts (BOM) yinto ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwePCB kunye nezigaba zendibano. Enyanisweni, ukuba i-BOM iqulethe iimpazamo okanye ukungachaneki, umenzi unokumisa isigaba sendibano de le micimbi isonjululwe. Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-BOM ihlala ichanekile kwaye ihlaziywa kukuqhuba ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kwe-BOM rhoqo xa i-PCB ihlaziywa. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba inxalenye entsha yongezwa kwiprojekthi yokuqala, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba i-BOM ihlaziywa kwaye ihambelana ngokufaka inombolo echanekileyo yecandelo, inkcazo kunye nexabiso.

6 – Ukusetyenziswa kwamanqaku edatha
Amanqaku e-Fiducial, awaziwa ngokuba ngamanqaku efiducial, ziimilo zobhedu ezingqukuva ezisetyenziswa njengeendawo eziphawulwayo kumatshini wokuhlanganisa kunye nendawo. Iifiducials zenza aba matshini bazisebenzelayo ukuba baqaphele ukuqhelaniswa nebhodi kwaye badibanise ngokuchanekileyo amacandelo amancinci anjenge-Quad Flat Pack (QFP), i-Ball Grid Array (BGA) okanye i-Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN).

Iifiducials zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: abamakishi behlabathi jikelele kunye nabamakishi bendawo abathembekileyo. Amanqaku e-Global fiducial abekwe kwincam yePCB, evumela oomatshini bokuthatha kunye nendawo ukuba babone ukuqhelaniswa nebhodi kwinqwelomoya ye-XY. Amanqaku asekuhlaleni abekwe kufutshane neekona zamacandelo e-SMD asetyenziswa ngumatshini wokubeka ukubeka ngokuchanekileyo indawo yecandelo, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswa iimpazamo ezihambelanayo zokuma ngexesha lendibano. Amanqaku eDatum adlala indima ebalulekileyo xa iprojekthi iqulethe izinto ezininzi ezisondeleleneyo. Umzobo we-2 ubonisa ibhodi ye-Arduino Uno edibeneyo kunye neendawo ezimbini zokubhekisela zehlabathi ezibonakaliswe ngobomvu.