Yintoni ukuthembeka?

Ukuthembeka kubhekiselele "kuthenjwa" kunye "nokuthenjwa", kwaye kubhekiselele kwisakhono semveliso ukwenza umsebenzi ochaziweyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile kwaye ngexesha elithile. Kwiimveliso zetheminali, okukhona ukuthembeka okuphezulu, kokukhona isiqinisekiso sokusetyenziswa siphezulu.

Ukuthembeka kwe-PCB kubhekiselele kwisakhono "sebhodi engenanto" ukuhlangabezana neemeko zemveliso yendibano yePCBA elandelayo, kwaye phantsi kwendawo ethile yokusebenza kunye neemeko zokusebenza, inokugcina imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokusebenza ixesha elithile.

Ukuthembeka kukhula njani kugxininiso lwentlalo?

Ngama-1950, ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, i-50% yezixhobo ze-elektroniki zase-US zahluleka ngexesha lokugcinwa, kwaye i-60% yezixhobo zombane ze-airborne zazingenakusetyenziswa emva kokuthunyelwa kwi-Far East. IUnited States ifumanise ukuba izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezingathembekanga ziyayichaphazela inkqubela yemfazwe, kwaye umndilili weendleko zonyaka wokuzigcina uziphinda kabini iindleko zokuthengwa kwezixhobo.

Ngo-1949, i-American Institute of Radio Engineers yaseka umbutho wokuqala othembekileyo wezemfundo-Ukuthembeka kweQela lobuchwephesha. NgoDisemba 1950, iUnited States yaseka "iKomiti eKhethekileyo yokuthembeka kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki". Umkhosi, iinkampani ezivelisa izixhobo kunye nezifundiswa zaqala ukungenelela kuphando lokuthembeka. NgoMatshi 1952, yayinikele amacebiso angakumbi; iziphumo zophando kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuqala Kwi-aerospace, yomkhosi, i-electronics kunye namanye amashishini omkhosi, ngokuthe ngcembe yanda kumashishini asekuhlaleni.

Ngeminyaka yee-1960, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini le-aerospace, uyilo lokuthembeka kunye neendlela zokuvavanya zamkelwa kwaye zasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-avionics, kwaye ubunjineli obuthembekileyo buphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza! Ngomnyaka we-1965, iUnited States yakhupha "Iimfuno zeSistim kunye neZixhobo zokuthembeka kweSixhobo". Imisebenzi yobunjineli ethembekileyo yadityaniswa noyilo lwemveli, uphuhliso, kunye nemveliso ukufumana izibonelelo ezilungileyo. I-ROHM Aviation Development Centre yaseka iziko lokuhlalutya ukuthembeka, libandakanyeka kuphando oluthembekileyo lwe-elektroniki kunye ne-electromechanical, iinxalenye zoomatshini kunye neenkqubo zombane ezinxulumene nezixhobo zombane, kubandakanywa uqikelelo lokuthembeka, ulwabiwo lokuthembeka, uvavanyo lokuthembeka, ukuthembeka kwefiziksi, kunye nokuthembeka Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha yezesondo, uhlalutyo. , njl.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1970, umjikelo wobomi ingxaki yeendleko zenkqubo yezixhobo zokhuselo zase-US yayibalasele. Abantu baqonda ngokunzulu ukuba ubunjineli obuthembekileyo sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokunciphisa iindleko zobomi. Imizi-mveliso enokuthenjwa iye yaphuhliswa ngakumbi, yaye kuye kwaveliswa iindlela ezingqongqo, ezisengqiqweni nezinempumelelo ngakumbi. Kwaye iindlela zovavanyo zamkelwe, ziqhuba uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lokusilela kophando kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya.

Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990s, ubunjineli bokuthembeka buphuhliswe ukusuka kumashishini omkhosi ukuya kwishishini lolwazi lombane loluntu, ezothutho, inkonzo, amandla kunye namanye amashishini, ukusuka kubuchwephesha ukuya “kwishishini eliqhelekileyo”. Inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho we-ISO9001 iquka ulawulo lokuthembeka njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yophononongo, kwaye imigangatho yobuchwephesha enxulumene nokuthembeka iye yabandakanywa kumaxwebhu enkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho, ibe ligatya lolawulo “lokukwenza”.

Namhlanje, ulawulo lokuthembeka luye lwamkelwa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kuluntu, kwaye ifilosofi yoshishino yenkampani itshintshile ngokubanzi ukusuka kwixesha elidlulileyo "Ndifuna ukunikela ingqalelo ekuthembekeni kwemveliso" ukuya okwangoku "Ndifuna ukunikela ingqalelo enkulu ekuthembekeni kwemveliso. ”!

Kutheni ukuthembeka kuxatyiswa ngakumbi?

Ngowe-1986, isiphekepheke saseUnited States esithi “Challenger” saqhushumba imizuzwana engama-76 emva kokuba sindulukile, sabulala oosomajukujuku abasi-7 saza saphulukana ne-1.3 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Oyena nobangela wengozi wawubangelwa kukungaphumeleli kwetywina!

Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, iUnited States UL yakhupha uxwebhu oluthi iiPCBs eziveliswe eTshayina zabangela izixhobo ezininzi kunye nemililo yezixhobo eUnited States. Isizathu sesokuba iifektri zaseChina zePCB zasebenzisa iipleyiti ezingatshiyo umlilo, kodwa zaziphawulwe nge-UL.

Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezisemthethweni, imbuyekezo yePCBA yokungaphumeleli kokuthembeka ibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-90% yeendleko zangaphandle zokungaphumeleli!

Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwe-GE, izixhobo zokusebenza eziqhubekayo ezifana namandla, ukuthutha, imigodi, unxibelelwano, ulawulo lwamashishini, kunye nonyango lwezonyango, nokuba ukuthembeka kunyuswe nge-1%, iindleko zonyuka nge-10%. I-PCBA inokuthembeka okuphezulu, iindleko zokugcinwa kunye nokulahlekelwa kwexesha lokuphumla kunokunciphisa kakhulu, kwaye i-asethi kunye nokhuseleko lobomi luqinisekisiwe ngakumbi!

Namhlanje, xa kujongwa ihlabathi, ukhuphiswano lwelizwe ukuya kwelinye luguqukele kukhuphiswano lweshishini ukuya kushishino. Ubunjineli bokuthembeka ngumda weenkampani ukuba ziphuhlise ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi, kwaye sisixhobo somlingo kwiinkampani ukuba zigqame kwimarike eyandayo.