01
Imigaqo esisiseko yendawo yecandelo
1. Ngokweemodyuli zesekethe, ukwenza ubume kunye nesekethe enxulumene noko kufezekisa umsebenzi ofanayo kubizwa ngokuba yimodyuli. Amacandelo akwimodyuli yesekethe afanele ukuba bamkele umgaqo-nkqubo ogxile kakhulu kugxininiso olukwiphepha, kwaye isiphaluka sedijithali kunye nesekethe ye-analog kufuneka isahlulwe;
2. Akukho zizinto okanye izixhobo ziya kubekwa ngaphakathi kwi-1.27mm yemingxunya engafunekiyo njengemingxunya, imingxunya emiselweyo, ye-M2.5) kunye ne-4,5mm (ye-M2.5) kunye ne-MMM (ye-M2.5) kwaye ayiyi kuvunyelwa ukuba ihlawulwe amacandelo;
3. Kulumkele ukubeka imingxunyanga phantsi koqambiso, ii-ofisi ze-Ofisi (iPlig-I-IV), ezinye izinto ukunqanda ukujikeleza i-vias emfutshane kunye neqokobhe elithengiswayo emva kokuthengiswa kwe-viave emva kokuthengiswa kwentliziyo;
4. Umgama phakathi kwecandelo kunye nomphetho weBhodi yi-5mm;
5. Umgama phakathi kwe-pad yecandelo elikhuselweyo kunye nendawo engaphandle kwecandelo elikufuphi ne-2mm;
6. Izinto zentsimbi yentsimbi kunye neenxalenye zensimbi (iibhokisi ezikhuselayo, njl njl) akufuneki zichukumise ezinye izinto, kwaye akufuneki zisondele kwimigca eprintiweyo kunye neepads. Umgama phakathi kwabo kufuneka ungaphezulu kwe-2mm. Ubungakanani bomngxunya wokubeka, umngxunya wokufakwa okukhawulezayo, umngxunya we-oval kunye neminye imingxunya yesikwere kwiBhodi ngaphandle kwe-3mm;
7. Izinto zokufudumeza akufuneki zibe kukusondelelene kwiingcingo kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka zobushushu; Izinto zokufudumeza kufuneka zisasazwe ngokunzulu;
8. Isokheli yamandla kufuneka ilungiswe malunga neBhodi eprintiweyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye isokisi yamandla iqhagamshelwe kuyo kufuneka ilungiswe kwicala elinye. Ingqwalaselo ethile kufuneka ihlawulwe ukuba ingacwangcisi iziseko zombane kunye nezinye izinxibelelanisi phakathi kwezifundo ukuze ziququzelele iziseko zezi seko ze-chies kunye ne-tie-vie-pie-up. Ilungiselelo lokucwangciswa kweziseko zamandla kunye neziqhumiso kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuqhuba iplagi kwaye ikhutshiwe iiplagi zamandla;
9. Ukucwangciswa kwamanye amacandelo:
Zonke izinto ze-IC zihambelana kwelinye icala, kwaye i-polared yezinto eziphawulekileyo iphawulwe ngokucacileyo. I-polared yeBhodi enye eprintiweyo ayimakishwa ngaphezulu kweendlela ezimbini. Xa kuvela iindlela ezimbini, iindlela ezimbini ezisetyenziswayo zisebenzisana;
10. I-wiring kwiBhodi yeBhodi kufuneka ibe mncinci kwaye incinci. Xa ukuxinana koxinano kuyinto enkulu kakhulu, kufanele ukuba izaliswe yi-mesh Popper foil, kwaye igridi kufuneka ingaphezulu kwe-8ml (okanye i-0.2mm);
11. Akufanelanga ukuba kungabikho mingxunya kwiipads ze-SMD ukuthintela ukuphulukana nomthengisi kuchithiwe kwaye kubangele ukuthengiswa kobuxoki kwamacandelo. Imigca ebalulekileyo yomqondiso ayivumelekanga ukuba idlule phakathi kwe-scokins;
I-12. I-patch ihambelana kwelinye icala, umkhombandlela wempawu uyafana, kwaye indlela yokupakisha iyafana;
13. Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, izixhobo ezihluthwe kufuneka zihambelane nolwalathiso lokundwendwela kwiBhodi enye.

Icandelo leMithetho ye-Wiring

1. Zoba indawo ye-wiring ngaphakathi kwe-1mm ukusuka kumda webhodi ye-PCB kwaye ngaphakathi kwe-1mm ejikeleze umngxunya wokunyuka, i-wiring ayivunyelwa;
2. Umgca wamandla kufuneka ube ububanzi kwaye ungabi ngaphantsi kwe-18mil; Ububanzi bemiqondiso yomqondiso akufuneki bube ngaphantsi kwe-12m; Igalelo le-CPU kunye nemigca yokuphuma akufuneki ibe ngaphantsi kwe-10mil (okanye i-8mil); Isithuba somgca akufuneki sibe ngaphantsi kwe-10mil;
3. I-hiso iqhelekileyo ayingaphantsi kwe-30mil;
I-4. Inqaku eliphakathi: I-60mil pad, i-40mil Aperture;
Ukunganyangeki kwe-1 / 4w: 51 * 55mil (0805 Umphezulu weNqanaba); Xa i-intanethi, ipali yi-62mil kunye ne-aperture yi-4mmu;
Ukungakhathaleli okungenasiphelo: I-51 * 55mil (0805 intaba); Xa i-intanethi, i-pad ingama-50m, kwaye i-aperture ingama-28m;
5. Qaphela ukuba umgca wombane kunye nomgca womhlaba kufuneka ube njenge-radial kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye umgca wesiginali akufuneki ukhutshelwe.

03
Ungaphucula njani ubuchule bokuphazamiseka kunye nokuthandwa kwe-electromagnetic?
Ungaphucula njani ubuchule bokuphazamiseka kunye nokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic xa kuphuhlisa iimveliso ze-elektroniki ngeeprosesa?

1. Ezi nkqubo zilandelayo kufuneka zinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwi-anti-elektromagnetic
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2. Thatha la manyathelo alandelayo okwandisa amandla okuphazamiseka kwe-elektromagnetic yenkqubo:
(1) Khetha i-microcontroller enezantya eziphantsi:
Ukukhetha i-microcontroller ngeresiphi yewotshi yangaphandle yewotshi kungancitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo ingxolo kunye nokuphucula ubuchule bokuphazamiseka. Kumaza esikwere kunye namaza e-sine yendlela efanayo, izinto eziphezulu ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kwisikwere zininzi kakhulu kunoko kwi-sen yamaza. Nangona i-illivelity yecandelo eliphezulu lesikwere lincinci kunezabelo ezisisiseko, ukuphakama okuphezulu, kuya kuba lula ukukhupha njengomthombo wengxolo. Esona sikhwabi samaxesha amaninzi sinempembelelo kwi-microcontroller simalunga namaxesha ama-3 i-clockency yewotshi.

(2) ukunciphisa ukugqwetha kusulelo lomqondiso
I-microcontrolfroller yenziwa ikakhulu kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji ye-cmos ephezulu. Igalelo le-static langoku le-terminal yomqondiso imalunga ne-1ma, i-infficitous yegalelo imalunga ne-10pf, kwaye i-proble iphakame kakhulu. Isiphelo semveliso yesekethe ephezulu ye-CMOS inomthwalo omkhulu, oko kukuthi, ixabiso elikhulu lokukhupha. Ingcingo ende ikhokelela kwi-terminal yokufaka kunye nemveliso ephezulu yokufaka, ingxaki yokubonisa ibaluleke kakhulu, iya kubangela ukugqwetha kunye nokwandisa ingxolo kunye nokwandisa ingxolo. Xa i-TPD> TR, iba yingxaki yothungelwano, kwaye iingxaki ezinje ngomboniso womqondiso kunye nokuthengiswa kwenqanaba kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.

Ixesha lokulibazisa lomqondiso kwiBhodi eprintiweyo linxulumene nemvume yokukhokela, enxulumene noDislectric rhoqo kwi-Deple yeBhodi yeBhodi eprintiweyo. Kungaqwalaselwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba isantya sokuhambisa somqondiso kwiBhodi eprintiweyo sikhokelela malunga ne-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 yesantya sokukhanya. I-TR (ixesha lokulibaziseka eliqhelekileyo) lezinto ezisetyenziswayo ze-Logic ezisetyenzisiweyo kwinkqubo eququzelwe i-microcontroller iphakathi kwe-3 ne-18 NS.

Kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, ipanile idlula kumthi wokurhoxa nge-7W kunye ne-25c-khokelela kwi-25cm-khokelo, kwaye ixesha lokulibazisa emgceni liphakathi kwe-4 ~ 20ns. Ngamanye amagama, okufutshane nomqondiso kwisekethe eprintiweyo, engcono, kwaye inde kakhulu ayifanele idlule kwi-25cm. Kwaye inani le-VIAs kufuneka libe lincinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngokukhethekileyo akukho ngaphezulu kwesibini.
Xa ixesha lokunyuka komqondiso likhawuleza kunexesha lokulibaziseka komqondiso, kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngokungqinelana nee-elektroniki ezikhawulezayo. Ngeli xesha, ukuhambelana nokuthintela umgca wokuhambisa kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Ngomqondiso wokuhanjiswa phakathi kweebhloko ezihlanganisiweyo kwiBhodi yeSekethi eprintiweyo, imeko ye-TD> TRD kufuneka ithintelwe. Ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, ngokukhawuleza isantya senkqubo ayinakuba njalo.
Sebenzisa ezi zigqibo zilandelayo ukuze uSishwankathele uMthetho weBhodi yeBhodi eprintiweyo:
Umqondiso udluliselwa kwiBhodi eprintiweyo, kwaye ixesha lokulibazisa akufuneki libe likhulu kunexesha lokulibaziseka kwesixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo.

(3) Ukunciphisa umnqamlezo * Ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemigca yomqondiso:
Inyathelo elibonisa ixesha lokunyuka kwe-TREX ACT AST idluliselwe kwi-terminal b ngo-AB. Ixesha lokulibazisa lemiqondiso kumgca we-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-e-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-e-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o ka-e-o-o ka-e-e-onci yiTD. Kwinqaku D, ngenxa yothungelwano lwangaphambili lomqondiso ukusuka kwinqaku A, umqondiso emva kokufikelela kwinqaku B kunye nokulibaziseka komgca we-on, i-pullal enobubanzi be-tr iya kubanjiswa emva kwexesha le-TR. Kwinqaku C, ngenxa yokudluliselwa kunye nokubonisa umqondiso ku-Ab, i-pulse elungileyo ngobukhweba ixesha lokulibaziseka komqondiso, oko kukuthi, 2TD, ichukunyisiwe. Olu luphawu lokuphazamiseka phakathi kwemiqondiso. Ubunzulu bophawu lokuphazamiseka buhambelana ne-di / kwi-subling kwindawo yenqaku c kunye nomgama phakathi kwemigca. Xa imigca emibini yomqondiso ayide kangaka, into oyibonayo kwi-AB yeyokuphakanyiswa kwezinto ezimbini.

Ulawulo oluncinci olwenziwe yitekhnoloji ye-CMOS ine-interpie ephezulu, ingxolo ephezulu, kunye nokunyamezelana kwengxolo enkulu. Isiphaluka sedijithali siyingxolo ye-100 ~ ye-200mv kwaye ayichaphazeli ukusebenza kwayo. Ukuba i-AT yomgca kwi-10 ngumqondiso we-analog, oku kunganyamezeleki. Umzekelo, iBhodi yeShekeji eprintiweyo yiBhodi ye-Winer emine, enye yayo ingumhlaba omkhulu, okanye iBhodi esemacaleni ePhezulu, kwaye xa icala elijikelezayo lomgca omkhulu, umnqamlezo phakathi kwemiqondiso enjalo iya kuncitshiswa. Isizathu kukuba indawo enkulu yomhlaba inciphisa umqondiso womgca womqondiso, kwaye ukubonakaliswa komqondiso we-D kuncitshisiwe kakhulu. I-medication yenqanaba elilinganayo kwisikwere se-dielectric rhoqo kwi-intanethi ukusuka kumgca wesiginali emhlabeni, kwaye ngokuhambelana ne-logarithm yendalo yobukhulu bendawo. Ukuba i-ab i-ab ngumqondiso we-analog, ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwe-CD yedijithali yedijithali, kufuneka ibe yindawo enkulu phantsi komgca we-AB, kwaye umgama phakathi komgca we-AB kunye ne-3 ukuya kumgama ophakathi kwe-2 ukuya kumgama ophakathi komthamo we-AB kunye nomhlaba. Ingafihliswa ngokuyinxalenye, iingcingo zomhlaba zibekwe emacaleni asekhohlo nasekunene ekukhokeleni kwicala elikhokelayo.

(4) Nciphisa Ingxolo ngokubonelela ngamandla
Ngelixa umbane ubonelela ngamandla kwinkqubo, isongeza ingxolo yalo kumbane. Umgca wokuseta kwakhona, umgca ophazamisayo, kunye neminye imigca yolawulo ye-microcontroller kwisekethe ichaphazeleka kukuphazamiseka kwingxolo yangaphandle. Ukuphazamiseka okuqinileyo kwigridi yamandla ingena kwisekethe. Kukwinkqubo yebhetri enebhetri, ibhetri ngokwayo inengxolo enkulu. Umqondiso we-analog kwisekethe ye-analog kuyakwazi ukumelana nokuphazamiseka kumbane.

(5) Nika ingqalelo kwiimpawu eziphezulu zeebhodi ze-wiring eziprintiweyo kunye nezinto
Kwimeko yokufika phezulu, ukukhokela, uVia, uVis, abaqeqeshwa, amaBandla, kunye neqela lokuhambisa kunye nokuxhobisa kunye nokuxhobisa kweBhodi yeSekethi eprintiweyo akunakutyeshelwa. Ukusasazeka kokusasazwa kweCapacit akunakuhoywa, kwaye ukuxhotyiswa kwasasazwa kwe-Implekti akunakutyeshelwa. Ukuxhathisa kuvelisa umqondiso wobungakanani obungaphantsi komhlaba, kwaye ukuxhobisa okukhokelayo okukhokelayo kuya kudlala indima. Xa ubude bungaphezulu kwe-1/20 ye-waveeth ehambelana nengxolo, ifuthe le-Antenna luveliswa, kwaye ingxolo ikhutshelwe ngaphandle.

I-Viele Holes yeBhodi yeShekeji eprintiweyo ibangela malunga ne-0.6 ye-pf ye-cantititity.
Izinto zokupakisha zesekethe edityanisiweyo zazisa 2 ~ 6pf capecitocitors.
Isinxibelelanisi seBhodi yeSekethe sinesiphazamiso esisasazekileyo se-520nh. I-skebest ye-skeum-in-intanethi yazisa i-4 ~ 18nh esasazekile.
Ezi paramitha zokuhambisa amancinci azinakuchaphazeleka kulo mgca wemicropconthroultroner fress; Ingqwalaselo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwiinkqubo ezisantya eziphezulu.

(6) Ubume bamacandelo kufuneka bunikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo
Isikhundla samacandelo kwiBhodi yeSekethe eprintiweyo kufuneka siqwalasele ngokupheleleyo ingxaki yokuphazamiseka kwe-elektromagnetic. Omnye wemigaqo kukuba ukukhokelwa phakathi kwamacandelo kufuneka kube ngokufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwisakhiwo, inxalenye yomqondiso we-analog, icandelo lesekethe eliphezulu ledijithali, kunye nenxalenye yengxolo yengxolo (njengokunxibelelana okuphezulu, ukutshintshwa okuphezulu kokuncitshiswa ukunciphisa i-coupling yomqondiso phakathi kwazo.

G Baphathe i-wire yomhlaba
Kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, umgca wombane kunye nomgca womhlaba zezona zibaluleke kakhulu. Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yoloyiseko yokuphazamiseka kwe-elektromagnetic.
Kwiipaneli eziphindwe kabini, ubume be-wire umhlaba ikakhulu ikakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa indawo yokuphakama kweyona ndawo enye, ukuhambisa amandla kunye nomhlaba uqhagamshele kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo kwiziphelo zombane. Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunomfowunelwa omnye kwaye umhlaba unomfowunelwa omnye. Kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, kufuneka kubekho iingcingo ezinokubuya zibuyile, eza kuqokelelwa kwindawo yoqhakamshelwano yamandla okubuya, engumhlaba obizwa ngokuba yindawo yendawo yendawo. Umhlaba obizwa ngokuba yi-analog, umhlaba wedijithali, kunye nesixhobo esinamandla esixhobo esiphakamileyo sibhekisa ekusasazeni i-wiring, kwaye ekugqibeleni konke kuguqukele kule nqaku. Xa uqhagamshela kunye nemiqondiso ngaphandle kweebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo, iintambo ezikhuselweyo zihlala zisetyenziswa. Ngomsebenzi ophezulu kunye nemiqondiso yedijithali, iziphelo zombini zentambo ezikhuselweyo zibuthathaka. Isiphelo esinye sentambo ekhuselweyo ye-free-frenractal imiqondiso ye-analog kufuneka ibekwe.
Iisekethe ezinomdla kakhulu kwingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka kweziphatho zengxolo enkulu yengxolo enkulu kufuneka ikhuselwe ngekhava yentsimbi.

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I-Decoupency Reccound Datcoupling ye-Capacing inokususa izinto eziphezulu eziphezulu eziphezulu njenge-1gz. I-Ceramic Chip Camciocitors okanye i-cemailayer ye-ceramic ye-cematic ineempawu eziphezulu ze-free-free. Xa uyila iBhodi yeSiphako eprintiweyo, isakha-bhaso sokuvala kufuneka songezwe phakathi kwamandla kunye nomhlaba wesekethe nganye edityanisiweyo. I-Capaciling yeCawa inomsebenzi emibini: Kwelinye icala, yindawo yokugcina amandla ephaluka ehlanganisiweyo, ebonelela kwaye ifumana amandla okutshabalalisa kunye nokuvala isekethi edityanisiweyo; Kwelinye icala, idlula ingxolo enkulu yefowuni. I-SportCator eqhelekileyo ye-0.1uf kwi-digital isekethe i-5nh esasazekileyo, kunye nendlela yayo yokuhambisa i-Prequency imalunga ne-7mhz, kwaye inesiphumo esingcono sengxolo yengxolo engaphezulu kwe-40mhz. Ingxolo ayinampembelelo.

I-1UF, i-10kuf i-10uf amachaphaza, i-Prerallel Requency Repecancy ingaphezulu kwe-20mhz, ifuthe lokususa ingxolo ephezulu kakhulu. Ihlala iluncedo ukusebenzisa i-1uf okanye i-10 le-10 frecienction capcitate apho amandla angena khona iBhodi eprintiweyo, nkqu neenkqubo zebhetri.
Zonke iziqwenga ezili-10 zesekethe ezihlanganisiweyo kufuneka zongeze intlawulo kunye nokukhupha amandla, okanye zibizwa ngokuba yiCaphucitor, ubungakanani be-capacitor inokuba yi-10uf. Kungcono ukuba ungasebenzisi i-elekititichi ye-elektrolytic. Amandla e-elekitickitic axhotyiweyo aqengqeleka ngeengcaciso ezimbini zefilimu ye-PU. Olu lwakhiwo lujikelezwe lusebenza njengento yokwenza i-frequency ephezulu. Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-bile ye-bile okanye i-polycarbonate capacitor.

Ukukhethwa kwexabiso le-Decoupiling Ixabiso alikho ngokungqongqo, lingabalwa ngokwe-C = 1/ f; Oko kukuthi, 0.1uf ye-10mhz, kunye nenkqubo equlwe yi-microcontroller, inokuba phakathi kwe-0.1uf kunye ne-0.01uf.

3. Amanye amava ekunciphiseni ingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-elektromagnetic.
(1) I-chips ephantsi ephantsi inokusetyenziswa endaweni yeetshipsi eziphakamileyo. Iitshipsi ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu zisetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphambili.
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(3) Zama ukubonelela ngohlobo oluthile lokupeyinta ukudluliselwa, njl.
(4) Sebenzisa iwotshi ephantsi ye-frequency ehlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo.
(5) Umvelisi wewotshi usondele kangangoko unakho kwisixhobo esisebenzisa iwotshi. Iqokobhe le-crystal i-crystal i-oscillator kufuneka libekwe emhlabeni.
(6) Faka indawo yewotshi enecingo lomhlaba kwaye ugcine ucingo lwewotshi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
. Umqondiso wokungena kwiBhodi ePriple kufuneka ufihle, kwaye umqondiso ukusuka kwindawo enoxolo enkulu kufuneka ifakwe. Kwangelo xesha, uthotho lweendawo zokugcina isiphelo sendlela kufuneka zisetyenziselwe ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwesibonakaliso.
. Ukuphela kwesekethe ehlanganisiweyo ekufuneka iqhagamshelwe kumhlaba wokuhambisa amandla kufuneka uqhagamshelwe kuyo, kwaye akufuneki ishiywe idada.
(9) Isiphelo sentente yesekethe yesango engasebenziyo akufuneki ishiywe. Isiphelo sentente esifanelekileyo se-Amplifier ye-Amplifier kufuneka ibekwe, kwaye isiphelo sentente engeyiyo kufuneka iqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal. .
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. Umgca wamandla kunye nomgca womhlaba kufuneka ube ngumkhulu kangangoko unakho. Ukuba uqoqosho luyafikeleleka, sebenzisa iBhodi yeZilayidi ukuze inciphise i-ilungiselelo lokuhambisa amandla kunye nomhlaba.
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. Umgca wesantya esiphezulu kufuneka ube mfutshane kwaye ngqo.
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(22) Musa ukwenza ilogo ngalo naluphi na uphawu. Ukuba ayinakuthintelwa, yenza indawo encinci encinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
. I-panocial free-free-free-free-frecitor ye-typass iyongezwe kwiCapatotor nganye ye-electrolytic.
. Xa usebenzisa i-subimarcitors, ityala lifanele libekwe emhlabeni.

04
Iiprotel zihlala zisetyenziswa izitshixo ezimfutshane
Iphepha lusondele kwimouse njengeziko
Iphepha phantsi lisondeza ngemouse njengeziko.
IZiko leKhaya Isikhundla esihonjiswe yimouse
Ukuhlaziya ukuphela (iRedraw)
* Shicilela phakathi kweeNdawo eziPhezulu kunye nezantsi
+ (-) Ungqimba ungqimba: "+" - "-" zikwindlela eyahlukileyo
Q mm (Millimeter) kunye ne-Mil (Mil) i-Unit Shicit
Im ilinganisa umgama phakathi kwamanqaku amabini
E X Hlela X, x yithagethi yokuhlela, ikhowudi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: (a) = i-arc; (C) = icandelo; (F) = Gcwalisa; (P) = padi; (N) = inethiwekhi; (S) = uphawu; (T) = ucingo; (V) = nge; (I) = umgca wokudibanisa; (G) = i-polygon epheleleyo. Umzekelo, xa ufuna ukuhlela icandelo, cinezela i-EC, isikhombisi semouse siya kuvela "ishumi", cofa ukuze uhle
Izinto ezihleliweyo zinokuhlelwa.
I-X, x yithagethi yokufakwa, ikhowudi iyafana nangasentla.
M x ihamba x, x yithagethi eshukumayo, (a), (c), (f), (p), (i), (i) = Inxalenye yokhetho lweFlip; (O) jikeleza icandelo lokukhetha; (M) = susa indawo yokhetho; (R) = iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde.
I-X Khetha x, x ngumxholo okhethiweyo, ikhowudi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: (i) = indawo yangaphakathi; (O) = indawo yangaphandle; (A) = zonke; (L) = yonke kwi-faet; (K) = Inxalenye evaliweyo; (N) = inethiwekhi yomzimba; (C) = umgca wokunxibelelana emzimbeni; (H) = pad ene-aperture echaziweyo; (G) = pad ngaphandle kwegridi. Umzekelo, xa ufuna ukukhetha konke, cinezela i-SA, yonke imizobo ukukhanya kuyo ukubonisa ukuba bakhethwe, kwaye ungakopa, kwaye ususe iifayile ezikhethiweyo.