01
Imigaqo esisiseko yoyilo lwamacandelo
1. Ngokweemodyuli zesekethe, ukwenza i-layout kunye neesekethe ezihambelanayo ezifezekisa umsebenzi ofanayo zibizwa ngokuba yimodyuli.Amacandelo kwimodyuli yesiphaluka kufuneka athathe umgaqo wokugxininiswa okusondeleyo, kwaye isiphaluka sedijithali kunye nesekethe ye-analog kufuneka ihlulwe;
2. Akukho zixhobo okanye izixhobo ziya kuxhonywa ngaphakathi kwe-1.27mm yemingxuma enganyukiyo njengemingxuma yokubeka, imingxuma eqhelekileyo, kunye ne-3.5mm (ye-M2.5) kunye ne-4mm (ye-M3) ye-3.5mm (ye-M2.5) kunye I-4mm (ye-M3) ayiyi kuvunyelwa ukuba ifake amacandelo;
3. Kuphephe ukubeka ngemingxunya phantsi kwe-resistors exhonywe ngokuthe tye, i-inductors (i-plug-ins), i-electrolytic capacitors kunye namanye amacandelo ukuphepha ukujikeleza okufutshane kwi-vias kunye neqokobhe lecandelo emva kwe-soldering wave;
4. Umgama phakathi komphandle wecandelo kunye nomda webhodi ngu-5mm;
5. Umgama phakathi komphandle wephedi yecandelo lokuxhoma kunye nomphandle wecandelo elimeleneyo elidibanisayo mkhulu kune-2mm;
6. Amacandelo e-metal shell kunye neentsimbi (iibhokisi zokukhusela, njl.) akufanele zichukumise amanye amacandelo, kwaye akufanele zisondele kwimigca eprintiweyo kunye neepads.Umgama phakathi kwabo kufuneka ube mkhulu kune-2mm.Ubungakanani bomngxunya wokumisa, umgodi wofakelo lwe-fastener, umngxuma oval kunye neminye imingxuma yesikwere ebhodini ukusuka ngaphandle komphetho webhodi mkhulu kune-3mm;
7. Izinto zokufudumala akufanele zibe kufuphi neengcingo kunye nezinto ezithintekayo ukushisa;izinto zokufudumeza okuphezulu kufuneka zihanjiswe ngokulinganayo;
8. Isiseko sombane kufuneka silungiselelwe malunga nebhodi eprintiweyo ngokusemandleni, kwaye i-socket yamandla kunye ne-terminal yebhasi yebhasi edibeneyo kufuneka ilungiswe kwicala elinye.Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe ukuba ingacwangciswanga iziseko zamandla kunye nezinye izihlanganisi ze-welding phakathi kwezihlanganisi ukuququzelela ukuwelda kwezi ziseko kunye nezihlanganisi, kunye noyilo kunye nokubopha kweentambo zamandla.Ukucwangciswa kwezithuba zesokethi zamandla kunye nezixhumi ze-welding kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukuququzelela ukufakwa kunye nokukhupha iiplagi zamandla;
9. Ulungiselelo lwamanye amacandelo:
Zonke iinqununu ze-IC zihambelana kwicala elinye, kwaye i-polarity yamacandelo e-polar imakishwe ngokucacileyo.I-polarity yebhodi eprintiweyo efanayo ayinakuphawulwa kwiindlela ezingaphezu kwezibini.Xa izikhombisi-ndlela ezimbini zivela, la macala mabini axhomekeke kwelinye;
10. I-wiring kumphezulu webhodi kufuneka ibe yincinci kwaye ibe nzima.Xa umehluko woxinaniso ukhulu kakhulu, kufuneka uzaliswe nge-foil yobhedu ye-mesh, kwaye igridi kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-8mil (okanye 0.2mm);
11. Akufuneki kubekho imingxunya kwii-SMD pads ukuphepha ukulahleka kwe-solder paste kwaye kubangele i-soldering yobuxoki yamacandelo.Imigca yesignali ebalulekileyo ayivumelekanga ukuba idlule phakathi kwezikhonkwane zesokhethi;
12. Isiqwenga silungelelaniswa kwicala elinye, isalathiso somlingiswa siyafana, kwaye isikhokelo sokupakisha siyafana;
13. Kangangoko kunokwenzeka, izixhobo ze-polarized kufuneka zihambelane ne-polarity marking direction kwibhodi enye.
Imithetho yocingo yecandelo
1. Zoba indawo yocingo ngaphakathi kwe-1mm ukusuka kumda webhodi ye-PCB kwaye ngaphakathi kwe-1mm malunga nomngxuma wokunyuka, i-wiring ayivunyelwe;
2. Intambo yombane kufuneka ibe banzi kangangoko kwaye ingabi ngaphantsi kwe-18mil;ububanzi bomgca wesignali akufunekanga bube ngaphantsi kwe-12mil;i-CPU yegalelo kunye nemigca yemveliso akufanele ibe ngaphantsi kwe-10mil (okanye i-8mil);isithuba somgca akufuneki sibe ngaphantsi kwe-10mil;
3. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokudlula ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-30mil;
4. Dual in-line: 60mil pad, 40mil aperture;
I-1/4W ukuchasana: 51 * 55mil (0805 intaba ephezulu);xa ukwi-line, iphedi yi-62mil kunye ne-aperture yi-42mil;
I-infinite capacitance: 51 * 55mil (0805 ukuphakama kwendawo);xa ukwi-line, iphedi yi-50mil, kunye ne-aperture yi-28mil;
5. Qaphela ukuba umgca wamandla kunye nomgca ophantsi kufuneka ube njenge-radial kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye umgca wesignali awufanele ugxothwe.
03
Indlela yokuphucula amandla okuthintela ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic?
Ukuphucula njani amandla okuthintela ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic xa kusenziwa iimveliso zombane ngeeprosesa?
1. Ezi sistim zilandelayo kufuneka zinike ingqwalasela eyodwa kwi-anti-electromagnetic interference:
(1) Inkqubo apho i-microcontroller clock frequency iphezulu kakhulu kwaye umjikelo webhasi ukhawuleza kakhulu.
(2) Inkqubo iqulethe i-high-power, i-high-current drive circuits, njenge-spark-producing relays, i-high-current switches, njl.
(3) Inkqubo equlethe isiphaluka somqondiso we-analog obuthathaka kunye ne-high-precision A / D yokuguqula isiphaluka.
2. Thatha la manyathelo alandelayo ukwandisa isakhono sokuphazamiseka kwe-anti-electromagnetic yesixokelelwano:
(1) Khetha i-microcontroller ene-frequency ephantsi:
Ukukhetha i-microcontroller enexesha eliphantsi lewotshi yangaphandle inokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ingxolo kunye nokuphucula amandla okuthintela ukuphazamiseka.Kumaza asisikwere kunye namaza e-sine aphindaphindekayo afanayo, amacandelo aphezulu aphindaphindayo kwisikwere samaza angaphezulu kakhulu kunalawo akwi-sine wave.Nangona i-amplitude yecandelo le-high-frequency ye-square wave incinci kune-wave yesiseko, ukuphakama kwe-frequency, kulula ukuyikhupha njengomthombo wengxolo.Ingxolo ephezulu ye-frequency enempembelelo eyenziwa yi-microcontroller malunga namaxesha e-3 i-clock frequency.
(2) Ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka ekuhanjisweni komqondiso
IiMicrocontrollers zenziwa ikakhulu kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yeCMOS enesantya esiphezulu.I-static input current ye-terminal igalelo lomqondiso malunga ne-1mA, i-input capacitance imalunga ne-10PF, kwaye i-impedance yegalelo iphezulu kakhulu.I-terminal ephumayo yesekethe ye-CMOS enesantya esiphezulu inomthamo omkhulu womthwalo, oko kukuthi, ixabiso elikhulu lemveliso.Ucingo olude lukhokelela kwi-terminal yokufaka ene-impedance ephezulu kakhulu, ingxaki yokubonakalisa inzulu kakhulu, iya kubangela ukuphazamiseka komqondiso kunye nokwandisa ingxolo yenkqubo.Xa iTpd>Tr, iba yingxaki yelayini yothumelo, kwaye iingxaki ezinjengokubonakaliswa komqondiso kunye nokuhambelana kokuphazamiseka kufuneka kuqwalaselwe.
Ixesha lokulibaziseka kwesignali kwibhodi eprintiweyo ihambelana ne-impedance ye-lead lead, ehambelana ne-dielectric constant of the printed circuit board material.Inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba isantya sokuhanjiswa kwesibonakaliso kwibhodi eprintiweyo ikhokelela malunga ne-1/3 ukuya kwi-1/2 yesantya sokukhanya.I-Tr (ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokulibaziseka) lamacandelo efowuni ye-logic esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwinkqubo eyenziwe yi-microcontroller iphakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-18 ns.
Kwibhodi yesiphaluka eprintiweyo, umqondiso udlula kwi-resistor ye-7W kunye ne-25cm-long lead lead, kwaye ixesha lokulibaziseka kumgca liphakathi kwe-4 ~ 20ns.Ngamanye amazwi, i-short signal lead kwisekethe eprintiweyo, ingcono, kwaye ide kakhulu akufanele idlule i-25cm.Kwaye inani le-vias kufuneka libe lincinci kangangoko, ngokukhethayo lingabi ngaphezu kwesibini.
Xa ixesha lokunyuka kwesignali likhawuleza kunexesha lokulibaziseka komqondiso, kufuneka liqhutywe ngokuhambelana nombane okhawulezayo.Ngeli xesha, ukuhambelana kwe-impedance yomgca wothumelo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.Ukuhanjiswa komqondiso phakathi kweebhloko ezidibeneyo kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, imeko yeTd>Trd kufuneka igwenywe.Ibhodi yesekethe enkulu eprintiweyo, ngokukhawuleza isantya senkqubo asinakuba.
Sebenzisa ezi zigqibo zilandelayo ukushwankathela umthetho woyilo lwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo:
Isignali ihanjiswa kwibhodi eprintiweyo, kwaye ixesha lokulibaziseka kwayo akufanele libe likhulu kunexesha eliqhelekileyo lokulibaziseka kwesixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo.
(3) Nciphisa umnqamlezo * ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemigca yomqondiso:
Umqondiso wesinyathelo kunye nexesha lokunyuka kwe-Tr kwindawo A idluliselwa kwi-terminal B nge-lead AB.Ixesha lokulibaziseka kwesignali kumgca we-AB nguTd.Kwinqanaba le-D, ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwangaphambili kwesiginali ukusuka kwindawo A, ukubonakalisa umqondiso emva kokufikelela kwindawo B kunye nokulibaziseka komgca we-AB, isignali ye-pulse yephepha kunye nobubanzi be-Tr iya kunyanzeliswa emva kwexesha le-Td.Kwinqanaba le-C, ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kunye nokubonakaliswa kwesibonakaliso kwi-AB, isignali ye-pulse efanelekileyo kunye nobubanzi obuphindwe kabini ixesha lokulibaziseka komqondiso kumgca we-AB, oko kukuthi, i-2Td, ibangelwa.Oku kukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemiqondiso.Ukuqina komqondiso wokuphazamiseka kuhambelana ne-di / kwi-signali kwindawo C kunye nomgama phakathi kwemigca.Xa imigca emibini yemiqondiso ingekho mde kakhulu, into oyibonayo kwi-AB eneneni iphezulu yee-pulses ezimbini.
Ulawulo oluncinci olwenziwe yitekhnoloji yeCMOS lunempembelelo ephezulu yokufaka, ingxolo ephezulu, kunye nokunyamezela ingxolo ephezulu.Isekethe yedijithali ibekwe phezulu ngengxolo ye-100 ~ 200mv kwaye ayichaphazeli ukusebenza kwayo.Ukuba umgca we-AB kumfanekiso ngumqondiso we-analog, olu kuphazamiseka luba lungenakunyamezeleka.Ngokomzekelo, ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo yibhodi enemigangatho emine, enye yazo yindawo enkulu, okanye ibhodi ephindwe kabini, kwaye xa icala elingasemva lomgca wesignali ngumhlaba omkhulu, umnqamlezo * ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemiqondiso enjalo kuya kuncitshiswa.Isizathu kukuba indawo enkulu yomhlaba inciphisa i-impedance yeempawu zomgca wesignali, kwaye ukubonakaliswa komqondiso ekupheleni kwe-D kuncitshiswe kakhulu.I-impedance yempawu ihambelana ngokuphambeneyo kwisikwere se-dielectric constant ye-medium ukusuka kumgca wesignali ukuya emhlabeni, kunye nokulinganisa kwi-logarithm yendalo yobunzima bephakathi.Ukuba umgca we-AB ngumqondiso we-analog, ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka komgca we-digital circuit signal line CD ukuya ku-AB, kufuneka kubekho indawo enkulu phantsi komgca we-AB, kwaye umgama phakathi komgca we-AB kunye nomgca we-CD kufuneka ube mkhulu kune-2. ukuya kumaxesha ama-3 umgama phakathi komgca we-AB kunye nomhlaba.Iyakwazi ukukhuselwa ngokuyinxenye, kwaye iingcingo zomhlaba zibekwe kwicala lasekhohlo nasekunene lokukhokela kwicala elinokhokelo.
(4) Nciphisa ingxolo evela kumbane
Ngelixa unikezelo lwamandla lunika amandla kwinkqubo, yongeza ingxolo yayo kunikezelo lwamandla.Umgca wokusetha kwakhona, umgca wokuphazamiseka, kunye neminye imigca yokulawula i-microcontroller kwisekethe ichaphazeleka kakhulu kwingxolo yangaphandle.Ukuphazamiseka okunamandla kwigridi yamandla kungena kwisekethe ngokunikezelwa kwamandla.Nakwisistim esebenza ngebhetri, ibhetri ngokwayo inomsindo ophezulu.Umqondiso we-analog kwisekethe ye-analog ingaphantsi nangaphantsi ukukwazi ukumelana nokuphazamiseka kunikezelo lwamandla.
(5) Nika ingqalelo kwiimpawu eziphezulu zefrikhwensi yeebhodi zocingo eziprintiweyo kunye namacandelo
Kwimeko ye-frequency ephezulu, i-lead, i-vias, i-resistors, i-capacitors, kunye ne-inductance esasazwayo kunye ne-capacitance ye-connectors kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo ayinakuhoywa.I-inductance esasazwayo ye-capacitor ayinakuhoywa, kwaye i-capacitance esasazwayo ye-inductor ayinakuhoywa.Ukuchasana kuvelisa ukubonakaliswa komqondiso we-high-frequency signal, kunye ne-capacitance esasazwayo yokukhokela iya kudlala indima.Xa ubude bungaphezulu kwe-1/20 yobude obuhambelanayo besandi sengxolo, isiphumo se-eriyali siyaveliswa, kwaye ingxolo ikhutshwa ngokukhokela.
Imingxuma edlulayo yebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo ibangela malunga ne-0.6 pf yesakhono.
Izinto zokupakisha zesekethe edibeneyo ngokwayo yazisa i-2 ~ 6pf capacitors.
Ikhonkco kwibhodi yesekethe ine-inductance esasaziweyo ye-520nH.I-double-in-line ye-24-pin edibeneyo ye-circuit skewer ingenisa i-4 ~ 18nH i-inductance yokusabalalisa.
Ezi parameters zokusabalalisa ezincinci azinanto kulo mgca weenkqubo ze-microcontroller ze-low-frequency;ingqwalasela eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe kwiisistim ezinesantya esiphezulu.
(6) Uyilo lwamacandelo kufuneka lwahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo
Isikhundla samacandelo kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo kufuneka iqwalasele ngokupheleleyo ingxaki yokuphazamiseka kwe-anti-electromagnetic.Enye yemigaqo kukuba izikhokelo phakathi kwamacandelo kufuneka zibe zifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Kwi-layout, inxalenye yesignali ye-analog, i-high-speed ye-digital circuit circuit, kunye nenxalenye yomthombo wengxolo (ezifana ne-relays, i-high-current switches, njl. njl.) kufuneka zihlulwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukudibanisa umqondiso phakathi kwabo.
G Bamba ucingo oluphantsi
Kwibhodi yesiphaluka eprintiweyo, umgca wamandla kunye nomgca womhlaba ubaluleke kakhulu.Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokoyisa uphazamiseko lombane kumhlaba.
Kwiipaneli eziphindwe kabini, ukucwangciswa kocingo lomhlaba ngokukodwa.Ngokusebenzisa i-single-point grounding, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nomhlaba kuxhunyiwe kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo ukusuka kwiziphelo zombini zombane.Unikezelo lwamandla lunomfowunelwa omnye kwaye umhlaba unomfowunelwa omnye.Kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, kufuneka kubekho iingcingo ezininzi zokubuyisela umhlaba, eziza kuqokelelwa kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano yombane wokubuyisela, okubizwa ngokuba yi-single-point grounding.Okubizwa ngokuba ngumhlaba we-analog, umhlaba wedijithali, kunye nokwahlulwa komhlaba wesixhobo esinamandla aphezulu kubhekiselele ekwahlukaneni kweengcingo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zonke zidibana kule ndawo yokumisa.Xa udibanisa nemiqondiso ngaphandle kweebhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo, iintambo ezikhuselekileyo zidla ngokusetyenziswa.Ukufumana i-frequency ephezulu kunye neempawu zedijithali, zombini iziphelo zentambo ekhuselekileyo zisekelwe phantsi.Esinye isiphelo sentambo ekhuselekileyo yeempawu ze-analog ezisezantsi kufuneka zibekwe phantsi.
Iisekethe ezibukhali kakhulu kwingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka okanye iisekethe ezigxininisa ngokukodwa kwi-high-frequency ingxolo kufuneka zikhuselwe ngekhava yentsimbi.
(7) Sebenzisa i-decoupling capacitors kakuhle.
I-capacitor ye-high-frequency decoupling capacitor inokususa amacandelo aphezulu-frequency aphezulu njenge-1GHZ.I-Ceramic chip capacitors okanye i-multilayer ceramic capacitors zineempawu ezingcono zokuphindaphinda okuphezulu.Xa uyila ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo, i-capacitor decoupling kufuneka yongezwe phakathi kwamandla kunye nomhlaba wesekethe nganye edibeneyo.I-decoupling capacitor inemisebenzi emibini: kwelinye icala, i-capacitor yokugcina amandla yesiphaluka esidibeneyo, esibonelela kwaye sithatha amandla okuhlawula kunye nokukhupha amandla ngexesha lokuvula nokuvala isiphaluka esidibeneyo;kwelinye icala, idlula ingxolo ye-high-frequency yesixhobo.I-capacitor eqhelekileyo ye-0.1uf kwiisekethe zedijithali ine-5nH yokusasazwa kwe-inductance, kwaye i-resonance frequency yayo imalunga ne-7MHz, okuthetha ukuba inesiphumo esingcono sokuqhawula ingxolo engaphantsi kwe-10MHz, kwaye inesiphumo esingcono sokuqhawula ingxolo engaphezu kwe-40MHz.Ingxolo phantse ayinasiphumo.
I-1uf, i-10uf capacitors, i-parallel resonance frequency ingaphezulu kwe-20MHz, umphumo wokususa ingxolo ephezulu yefrikhwensi kungcono.Ngokuqhelekileyo kunenzuzo ukusebenzisa i-1uf okanye i-10uf de-high frequency capacitor apho amandla angena kwibhodi eprintiweyo, nakwiinkqubo ezisebenza ngebhetri.
Zonke iinqununu ze-10 zeesekethe ezidibeneyo zifuna ukongeza intlawulo kunye nokukhupha i-capacitor, okanye ebizwa ngokuba yi-capacitor yokugcina, ubukhulu be-capacitor bunokuba yi-10uf.Kungcono ukuba ungasebenzisi i-electrolytic capacitors.I-electrolytic capacitors ihlanganiswe kunye neengqimba ezimbini zefilimu ye-pu.Esi sakhiwo esongeziweyo sisebenza njenge-inductance kumaza aphezulu.Kungcono ukusebenzisa i-bile capacitor okanye i-polycarbonate capacitor.
Ukukhethwa kwexabiso le-decoupling capacitor ayingqongqo, ingabalwa ngokweC = 1 / f;oko kukuthi, i-0.1uf ye-10MHz, kunye nenkqubo eyenziwe yi-microcontroller, ingaba phakathi kwe-0.1uf kunye ne-0.01uf.
3. Amanye amava ekunciphiseni ingxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic.
(1) Iitshiphusi ezinesantya esiphantsi zinokusetyenziswa endaweni yeetshiphusi ezinesantya esiphezulu.Iitshiphusi ezinesantya esiphezulu zisetyenziswa kwiindawo eziphambili.
(2) I-resistor inokudityaniswa kuthotho ukunciphisa izinga lokutsiba kwimida ephezulu nasezantsi yesekethe yolawulo.
(3) Zama ukubonelela ngolunye uhlobo lokudambisa ukuhanjiswa, njl.
(4) Sebenzisa eyona wotshi iphantsi ehlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo.
(5) Ijenereyitha yewotshi isondele kangangoko kwisixhobo esisebenzisa iwotshi.Igobolondo ye-quartz crystal oscillator kufuneka ibekwe phantsi.
(6) Vala indawo yewotshi ngocingo oluphantsi kwaye ugcine ucingo lwewotshi lufutshane kangangoko.
7Isignali engena kwibhodi eprintiweyo kufuneka ihluzwe, kwaye isibonakaliso esivela kwindawo ephezulu yengxolo kufuneka ihluzwe.Kwangaxeshanye, uthotho lwe-resistors terminal kufuneka lusetyenziswe ukunciphisa ukubonakalisa umqondiso.
(8) Isiphelo esingenamsebenzi se-MCD kufuneka sixhunywe phezulu, okanye sisekelwe phantsi, okanye sichazwe njengesiphelo sesiphumo.Ukuphela kwesekethe edibeneyo emele idibaniswe kumhlaba wokunikezelwa kwamandla kufuneka idibaniswe kuyo, kwaye akufanele ishiywe ijikeleza.
(9) Itheminali yegalelo yesekethe yesango engasetyenziswayo mayingashiywa idada.I-terminal yegalelo elilungileyo le-terminal esebenzayo engasetyenziswanga kufuneka ibekwe phantsi, kwaye i-terminal yegalelo elibi kufuneka liqhagamshelwe kwi-terminal yemveliso.(10) Ibhodi eprintiweyo kufuneka izame ukusebenzisa i-45-fold lines endaweni ye-90-fold lines ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwangaphandle kunye nokudibanisa izibonakaliso ze-high-frequency.
(11) Iibhodi eziprintiweyo zahlulwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye neempawu zokutshintsha kwangoku, kunye namacandelo engxolo kunye namacandelo angenangxolo kufuneka abe kude.
(12) Sebenzisa umbane wenqaku elinye kunye nesiseko sendawo enye yeepaneli ezingatshatanga kunye nezimbini.Umgca wamandla kunye nomgca womhlaba kufuneka ube mkhulu kangangoko.Ukuba uqoqosho lufikeleleke, sebenzisa ibhodi ye-multilayer ukunciphisa i-capacitive inductance yokunikezelwa kwamandla kunye nomhlaba.
(13) Gcina iwotshi, ibhasi, kunye netshiphu khetha imiqondiso kude nemigca ye-I/O kunye nezihlanganisi.
(14) Umgca wokufakelwa kombane we-analog kunye netheminali yombane wereferensi kufuneka ube kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumgca wesignali yesekethe yedijithali, ngakumbi iwotshi.
(15) Kwizixhobo ze-A/D, inxalenye yedijithali kunye nenxalenye ye-analog ingathanda ukumanyaniswa kunokuba inikezelwe *.
(16) Umgca wewashi nge-perpendicular kumgca we-I / O unokuphazamiseka okuncinci kunomgca we-I / O ohambelanayo, kunye nezikhonkwane zecandelo lewashi zikude kude nekhebula le-I / O.
(17) Izikhonkwane zecandelo kufuneka zibe zifutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye i-decoupling capacitor pins kufuneka ibe mfutshane kangangoko.
(18) Umgca wesitshixo ufanele ube ngqindilili kangangoko kunokwenzeka, yaye umhlaba okhuselayo ufanele wongezwe kumacala omabini.Umgca wesantya esiphezulu kufuneka ube mfutshane kwaye uqonde.
(19) Imigca echaphazeleka kwingxolo ayifanele ihambelane nelangoku, imigca yokutshintsha enesantya esiphezulu.
(20) Musa ukuhambisa iingcingo phantsi kwekristale yequartz okanye phantsi kwezixhobo ezingeva ingxolo.
(21) Kwiisekethe zesignali ezibuthathaka, musa ukwenza iilophu zangoku malunga neesekethe eziphantsi-frequency.
(22) Musa ukwenza iluphu kuyo nayiphi na imiqondiso.Ukuba ayinakuphepheka, yenza indawo yelophu ibencinci kangangoko.
(23) I-capacitor enye yokuqhawula kwisekethe edibeneyo.I-capacitor encinci ye-high-frequency bypass capacitor kufuneka yongezwe kwi-electrolytic capacitor nganye.
(24) Sebenzisa i-tantalum capacitors enkulu okanye i-juku capacitors endaweni ye-electrolytic capacitors ukuhlawula kunye nokukhupha i-capacitors yokugcina amandla.Xa usebenzisa i-tubular capacitors, ityala kufuneka libe phantsi.
04
PROTEL ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo izitshixo ezinqumlayo
Iphepha phezulu Sondeza ngemouse njengeziko
Iphepha Ezantsi Sondeza ngaphandle ngempuku njengeziko.
Umbindi waseKhaya indawo ekhonjwe yimpuku
Phelisa ukuhlaziya (phinda phinda)
* Tshintsha phakathi kwamaleya aphezulu nasezantsi
+ (-) Tshintsha umaleko ngokomaleko: “+” kunye no “-” bakwicala elichaseneyo
Q mm (imilimitha) kunye ne-mil (mil) yokutshintsha iyunithi
I-IM ilinganisa umgama phakathi kwamanqaku amabini
E x Hlela X, X yithagethi yokuhlela, ikhowudi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: (A)=arc;(C)=icandelo;(F)=gcwalisa;(P)=iphedi;(N)=inethiwekhi;(S)=umlinganiswa;(T) = ucingo;(V) = nge;(I) = umgca wokudibanisa;(G) = ipoligoni ezaliswe.Umzekelo, xa ufuna ukuhlela icandelo, cinezela EC, isalathisi semouse siya kuvela “ishumi”, cofa ukuhlela
Amacandelo ahleliweyo anokuhlelwa.
P x Indawo X, X yithagethi yokubeka, ikhowudi iyafana nalapha ngasentla.
M x ishukuma X, X yithagethi ehambayo, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Ngokufanayo nangentla, kunye (I) = flip ukhetho Icandelo;(O) Jikelezisa inxalenye yokhetho;(M) = Hambisa inxalenye yokhetho;(R) = Ukuphinda kufakwe iintambo.
S x khetha X, X ngumxholo okhethiweyo, ikhowudi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: (I)=indawo yangaphakathi;(O)=indawo yangaphandle;(A)=zonke;(L)=konke kumaleko;(K)=indawo etshixiweyo;(N) = inethiwekhi ebonakalayo;(C) = umgca wokudibanisa ngokomzimba;(H) = iphedi enembobo echaziweyo;(G) = iphedi ngaphandle kwegridi.Umzekelo, xa ufuna ukukhetha zonke, cofa u-SA, zonke iigrafiki zilayita ukubonisa ukuba zikhethiwe, kwaye unokukopa, ucime, kwaye uhambise iifayile ezikhethiweyo.