Isidingo sezixhobo zokusebenza eziphezulu kunye nokusebenza okwandisiweyo kuyanda kwintsimi eguqukayo ye-electronics. Isidingo sebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (PCB) iteknoloji ibangele inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo, ngokukodwa kwi-domain ye-high-frequency applications. Ukusetyenziswa koyilo lwePCB enamaleko amaninzi ibe sisisombululo esibalulekileyo ukuze kwaneliswe iimfuno ezingqongqo zezi zicelo.

Ukuvela kweePCB ezinamaleko amaninzi

Ngokwembali, iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo zaziphawulwa ngokuyintloko ngolwakhiwo lwazo olunye okanye olunamaleko aphindwe kabini, olubeke imiqobo ekulufanelekeni kwabo usetyenziso lwe-frequency ephezulu ngenxa yokuwohloka komqondiso kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic (EMI). Nangona kunjalo, ukwaziswa kweebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezinamaleko amaninzi kukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili ephawulekayo kwimfezeko yesignali, ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic interference (EMI) kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi.
Iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezininzi (ii-PCB) zohlulwe kuluhlu lwazo olulodwa okanye oluphindwe kabini ngobukho bemigangatho emithathu okanye ngaphezulu yokuqhuba eyohlulwe ngezinto ezikhuselayo, ezaziwa ngokuba ziileyile zedielectric. Ukudityaniswa kwezi maleko kuququzelelwa yi-vias, ezipaseji ezincinci eziqhubayo eziququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaleya ahlukeneyo. Uyilo oluntsonkothileyo lweePCB ezinamaleko amaninzi lwenza ukuba kugxininiswe ngakumbi kumacandelo kunye neesekethe ezintsonkothileyo, zibenze zibaluleke kakhulu kubuchwephesha bemeko yobugcisa.
Ii-PCB ezininzi ze-Multilayer zikholisa ukubonisa iqondo eliphezulu lobungqongqo ngenxa yomceli mngeni okhoyo wokufezekisa iileya ezininzi ngaphakathi kolwakhiwo lwePCB olubhetyebhetye. Ukudityaniswa kombane phakathi kweeleya kusekwe ngokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezininzi ze-vias, kubandakanywa ii-vias ezingaboniyo nezingcwatywayo.
Uqwalaselo lubandakanya ukubekwa kweeleya ezimbini kumphezulu ukuseka unxibelelwano phakathi kwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (PCB) kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle. Ngokubanzi, ukuxinana kweeleya kwiibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs) zilinganayo. Oku kuqala ngenxa yokuba buthathaka kwamanani angaqhelekanga kwimiba efana ne-warping.
Inani leeleya ngokuqhelekileyo liyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo esithile, ngokuqhelekileyo iwela phakathi koluhlu lweeleya ezine ukuya kwishumi elinesibini.
Ngokwesiqhelo, uninzi lwezicelo lufuna ubuncinci obune kunye nobuninzi beeleya ezisibhozo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-apps ezinje ngee-smartphones ikakhulu zisebenzisa iileya ezilishumi elinambini.

Usetyenziso oluphambili

IiPCB ezinamaleko amaninzi zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zombane, kubandakanya:
● I-electronics yabathengi, apho ii-PCB ezinomaleko amaninzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo enika amandla ayimfuneko kunye nemiqondiso yoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso ezinjengee-smartphones, iitafile, izixhobo zokudlala, kunye nezixhobo ezinxitywayo. Ii-elektroniki ezithambileyo neziphathwayo esixhomekeke kuzo mihla le zibalelwa kuyilo lwazo oludityanisiweyo kunye noxinaniso oluphezulu.
● Kwinkalo yonxibelelwano ngefowuni, ukusetyenziswa kweePCB ezinamaleko amaninzi kunceda ukuhanjiswa kwelizwi, idatha, kunye nemiqondiso yevidiyo kuzo zonke iinethiwekhi, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluthembekileyo nolusebenzayo.
● Iinkqubo zolawulo lwamashishini zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo ezininzi (iiPCBs) ngenxa yesakhono sazo sokulawula ngokufanelekileyo iinkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo, iindlela zokubeka iliso, kunye neenkqubo zokuzisebenzela. Iiphaneli zokulawula oomatshini, iirobhothi, kunye ne-automation ye-industrial zixhomekeke kuzo njengenkqubo yazo yenkxaso esisiseko
● Ii-PCB ezinomaleko amaninzi zikwafanelekile kwizixhobo zonyango, njengoko zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka, ukuthembeka, kunye nokubumbana. Izixhobo zokuxilonga, iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kwizigulane, kunye nezixhobo zonyango ezisindisa ubomi ziphenjelelwa kakhulu yindima yazo ebalulekileyo.

Iingenelo kunye neengenelo

IiPCB ezinomaleko amaninzi zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kunye neengenelo kwizicelo ezisebenza rhoqo, kubandakanya:
● Ukunyaniseka komqondiso ophuculweyo: Ii-PCB ezinamanqanaba amaninzi ziququzelela ukulawulwa kwe-impedance routing, ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwesignali kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekileyo kweempawu eziphezulu ze-frequency. Ukuphazamiseka komqondiso osezantsi weebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezininzi zikhokelela ekusebenzeni okuphuculweyo, isantya, kunye nokuthembeka.
● Ukunciphisa i-EMI: Ngokusebenzisa umhlaba ozinikeleyo kunye neenqwelomoya zombane, ii-PCB ezinamaleko amaninzi zicinezela i-EMI, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo kunye nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwiisekethe ezingabamelwane.
● I-Compact Design: Ngokukwazi ukulungiselela amacandelo amaninzi kunye nezikimu zendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ii-PCB ezinamaleko amaninzi zenza i-compact design, ibalulekile kwizicelo ezixinzelelekileyo ezifana nezixhobo eziphathwayo kunye neenkqubo ze-aerospace.
● Ulawulo oluphuculweyo lwe-Thermal: Ii-PCB ezinama-multi-layered zinika ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu ngokufanelekileyo ngokudityaniswa kwe-vias ye-thermal kunye neengqimba zobhedu ezibekwe ngobuchule, ziphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokuphila kwamacandelo anamandla aphezulu.
● I-Design Flexibility: Ukuguquguquka kwee-PCB ezinamanqwanqwa amaninzi kuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu koyilo, okwenza ukuba iinjineli ziphucule iiparitha zokusebenza ezifana nokuhambelana kwe-impedance, ukulibaziseka kokusasazwa komqondiso, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla.

Iingxaki

Enye yeengxaki eziphambili ezinxulunyaniswa neebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezininzi ziindleko zazo eziphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neePCB ezinomaleko omnye kunye neziphindwe kabini kuzo zonke izigaba zenkqubo yokuvelisa. Iindleko eziphezulu zinxulunyaniswa ikakhulu nezixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo kwimveliso yazo.
Imveliso ikwantsonkothile ngakumbi, njengoko ukuveliswa kweePCB zamanqanaba amaninzi kufuna ixesha loyilo elide kakhulu kunye neendlela zokwenziwa ngobuchule xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zeePCB. Ukuntsonkotha koMveliso: Ukwenziwa kwee-PCB ezinomaleko amaninzi kufuna iinkqubo zokwenziwa ezinobunkunkqele, ezibandakanya ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo lomaleko, ukulawulwa kwendlela yokuthintela, kunye namanyathelo angqongqo olawulo lomgangatho, okukhokelela ekonyukeni kweendleko zemveliso kunye namaxesha amade okukhokela.
Ii-PCB ezininzi zifuna uyilo olucokisekileyo kwaye, ke ngoko, iinjineli ezichubekileyo ziyafuneka kuphuhliso lwayo. Ukuveliswa kwebhodi nganye kufuna ixesha elininzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kweendleko zabasebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, kunokubangela amathuba exesha elongeziweyo phakathi kokubekwa komyalelo kunye nokufunyanwa kwemveliso, enokuba ngumngeni kwezinye iimeko.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkxalabo azijongeli phantsi ukusebenza kweebhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezininzi (PCBs). Nangona ii-PCBs ze-multilayer zihlala zibiza kakhulu kune-PCB zomaleko omnye, zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi xa kuthelekiswa nolu hlobo lwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo.
Njengoko izixhobo zombane ziqhubeka nokuncipha ngobukhulu kunye nokwanda koxinzelelo lwamandla, ulawulo olusebenzayo lwe-thermal luba lubalulekileyo kwii-PCB ezinolwaleko oluninzi, zifuna izisombululo ezitsha zokunciphisa iindawo ezishushu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle. Ukongeza, ukuqinisekiswa kokusebenza koyilo lwePCB enamaleko amaninzi kufuna iindlela ezibanzi zovavanyo, kubandakanya ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa, ukulinganisa, kunye novavanyo lokuthotyelwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yoshishino kunye neenkcukacha.

Iingcebiso zoyilo zePCB ezininzi

Xa usenza ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo eninzi (i-PCB) kwizicelo ze-high-frequency, iingcebiso ezininzi eziluncedo zihlala ziluncedo.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe imiba kuyilo lwe-PCB ye-multilayer, eyona ndawo iphambili yogxininiso ihlala ijikeleza ukupakishwa. Xa usenza izigwebo malunga ne-stackup, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana nokusebenza, ukuvelisa, kunye nokusasazwa.
Qala ngokukhulisa imilinganiselo yebhodi, njengoko oku kuya kuba nefuthe kwizigqibo malunga nezinye iimpawu. Xa umisela ubungakanani obufanelekileyo bebhodi, qwalasela le miba ilandelayo:
●Inani lamalungu ekufuneka abekwe ebhodini
●Ubungakanani bala malungu
● Apho ibhodi iya kufakwa khona
● Izibonelelo zomlingane wokwenza izinto zokubeka izithuba, ukukhutshwa, kunye nemingxuma yokugrumba
Nje ukuba inani leeleya ligqitywe, ukukhethwa kwe-vias, nokuba yimfama, ngomngxuma, ukungcwatywa okanye kwi-pad kuya kwenziwa. Lo mba uchaphazela ukuntsokotha kwemveliso, kungoko umgangatho wePCB.
Kwicandelo loyilo lwe-PCB ye-multilayer, isoftware yoyilo yePCB yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoyilo. Inceda abaqulunqi bavelise ubume bePCB's mechanical and wiring connection from the netlist, kunye nokubeka esi sakhiwo soqhagamshelwano kwi-multilayers kunye nokuvelisa iifayile zoyilo ezincediswa yikhompyutha. Le CAD ibalulekile ekwenzeni iPCB. Kukho iinketho ezininzi zesoftware yoyilo lwePCB onokuzisebenzisa ukuyila i-PCB yakho yamanqanaba amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ezimbalwa zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngakumbi kunezinye, ngakumbi ngenxa ye-interface yazo elula, phakathi kwezinye izizathu.
I-DFM, injongo yayo ikukudala amalungu emveliso kunye namacandelo aququzelela ukwenziwa, iya kuqwalaselwa. Injongo kukufumana iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngeendleko ezincitshisiweyo. Ngenxa yoko, kubandakanya ukulungiswa, ukuphuculwa, kunye nokugqibelela uyilo lwemveliso. I-DFM kufuneka iqhutywe kwangexesha phambi kokuba iqalise ukusebenzisa izixhobo. Kunyanzelekile ukubandakanya bonke abachaphazelekayo kwi-DFM. Ukubandakanyeka kwabachaphazelekayo abaliqela, kubandakanywa abayili, iinjineli, abavelisi bekhontrakthi, ababoneleli ngemathiriyeli, kunye nabakhi bokungunda, kubalulekile. Ngokwenza njalo, imiba enokwenzeka ngoyilo inokunciphisa.

Ukwenziwa kwezinto

Ukuvelisa ii-PCB ezinomaleko amaninzi kusetyenziso lwe-frequency ephezulu kubandakanya amanyathelo angundoqo aliqela:
● UYilo kunye noLwayo: Iinjineli zisebenzisa isoftware yoyilo yePCB ekhethekileyo ukuyila uyilo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imiba efana nemfezeko yomqondiso, ulawulo lwe-thermal, kunye nokunciphisa i-EMI.
● Ukukhethwa kwezinto eziphathekayo: Izinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kunye ne-dielectric ephantsi rhoqo kunye ne-tangent yokulahlekelwa zikhethwa ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesignali kunye nokugcina ukusebenza kwe-high-frequency.
● Ukucwangciswa kwe-Stackup yeLayer: I-stackup ye-stackup icwangciswe ngokucokisekileyo ukunyusa umzila wesignali, ukulinganisa i-impedance, kunye nokuchithwa kwe-thermal, ngokuqwalasela izinto ezifana nokuphindaphinda komqondiso, ubukhulu bebhodi, kunye nobukhulu bobhedu.
● I-Fabrication kunye neNdibano: Iindlela eziphuculweyo zokuyila ezifana ne-laser drilling, i-lamination elandelelanayo, kunye ne-impedance etching elawulwayo isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa ii-PCB ezinamanqwanqwa amaninzi ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuthembeka.
● Uvavanyo kunye noQinisekiso loMgangatho: Iinkqubo zokuvavanya ngokungqongqo, kubandakanywa ukuhlalutya ukunyaniseka komqondiso, imilinganiselo ye-impedance, i-imaging ye-thermal, kunye novavanyo lwe-EMI, luqhutyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwe-PCB enamanqwanqwa amaninzi kunye nemigangatho yoshishino kunye neenkcukacha.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuzivelela koyilo lwePCB enamaleko amaninzi kuguqule intsimi yombane ohamba rhoqo, okwenza ukuba kuphuhliswe izixhobo ezinobunkunkqele ngokusebenza okuphuculweyo, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza. Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni kwimfezeko yomqondiso, ukuntsokotha kwemveliso, kunye nolawulo lobushushu, izibonelelo zeePCB ezinamaleko amaninzi ziyodlula imiceli mngeni, nto leyo ezenza zibe yimfuneko kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezisebenza rhoqo, kubandakanya unxibelelwano, i-aerospace, i-automotive, kunye ne-elektroniki yonyango. Ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kwimathiriyeli, ubuchule bokwenza, kunye neendlela zokuyila, ii-PCB ezinamaleko amaninzi zikulungele ukuqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili ukutsha kwizinto zombane ezisebenza ngamandla kwiminyaka ezayo.