Iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo ezingaqulunqwanga kakuhle okanye iiPCB azisoze zihlangabezane nomgangatho ofunekayo kwimveliso yorhwebo. Ukukwazi ukugweba umgangatho woyilo lwePCB kubaluleke kakhulu. Amava kunye nolwazi loyilo lwePCB luyafuneka ukwenza uphononongo loyilo olupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokugweba ngokukhawuleza umgangatho woyilo lwePCB.

Umzobo weskimu unokwanela ukubonisa amacandelo omsebenzi onikiweyo kunye nendlela adityaniswa ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi olunikezelwe yi-schematics malunga nokubekwa kunye nokudibanisa kwamacandelo omsebenzi onikiweyo lulinganiselwe kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba iPCB iyilwe ngokuphumeza ngobuchule lonke udibaniso lwecandelo lomzobo opheleleyo womgaqo wokusebenza, kunokwenzeka ukuba imveliso yokugqibela isenokungasebenzi njengoko kulindelekile. Ukukhangela ngokukhawuleza umgangatho woyilo lwePCB, nceda uqwalasele oku kulandelayo:

1. Umkhondo wePCB

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-PCB zigutyungelwe nge-solder resist, enceda ukukhusela imikhondo yobhedu kwiisekethe ezimfutshane kunye ne-oxidation. Imibala eyahlukeneyo ingasetyenziswa, kodwa umbala osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo uluhlaza. Qaphela ukuba kunzima ukubona umkhondo ngenxa yombala omhlophe we-solder mask. Kwiimeko ezininzi, sinokubona kuphela umaleko ongaphezulu nasezantsi. Xa iPCB inamaleko angaphezu kwesibini, iileya zangaphakathi azibonakali. Nangona kunjalo, kulula ukugweba umgangatho woyilo ngokujonga nje iileya zangaphandle.

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuphonononga ukuyila, jonga umkhondo ukuze uqinisekise ukuba akukho zigobe ezibukhali kwaye zonke zandisa kumgca ochanekileyo. Kuthintele ukugoba okubukhali, kuba imikhondo ethile ephezulu okanye amandla aphezulu inokubangela ingxaki. Ziphephe ngokupheleleyo kuba ziluphawu lokugqibela lomgangatho ombi woyilo.

2. Ukuqhawula i-capacitor

Ukuze ucofe nayiphi na ingxolo ephezulu enokuthi ichaphazele kakubi i-chip, i-capacitor yokuqhawula ibekwe kufutshane kakhulu nephini lombane. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba i-chip iqulethe ngaphezu kwepini enye ye-drain-to-drain (VDD), nganye ipini enjalo idinga i-capacitor yokuqhawula, ngamanye amaxesha nangaphezulu.

I-decoupling capacitor kufuneka ibekwe kufuphi kakhulu nepini ukuze ihlanjululwe. Ukuba ayifakwanga kufuphi nepini, umphumo we-decoupling capacitor uya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. Ukuba i-decoupling capacitor ayibekwanga ecaleni kwezikhonkwane kwiimicrochips ezininzi, oku kwakhona kubonisa ukuba uyilo lwePCB aluchanekanga.

3. PCB trace ubude bulungelelanisiwe

Ukuze wenze imiqondiso emininzi ibe nobudlelwane obuchanekileyo bexesha, ubude bomkhondo bePCB kufuneka buhambelaniswe kuyilo. Ukulandelela ubude bokulandelela kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iimpawu zifikelela kwiindawo eziya kuzo ngokulibaziseka okufanayo kwaye zinceda ukugcina ubudlelwane phakathi kweencam zesignali. Kuyimfuneko ukufikelela kumzobo weskimu ukwazi ukuba ngaba nayiphi na isethi yemigca yomqondiso ifuna ubudlelwane bexesha obuchanekileyo. Le mikhondo ingalandelelwa ukujonga ukuba ngaba kukho nakuphi na ukulinganisa ubude bomkhondo sele kusetyenzisiwe (okungenjalo kuthiwa yimigca yokulibaziseka). Kwiimeko ezininzi, le migca yokulibaziseka ibonakala njengemigca egobileyo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukulibaziseka okongeziweyo kubangelwa yi-vias kwindlela yomqondiso. Ukuba i-vias ayinakuphetshwa, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela omkhondo anenani elilinganayo le-vias kunye nobudlelwane bexesha obuchanekileyo. Kungenjalo, ukulibaziseka okubangelwe yi-via kunokuhlawulwa ngokusebenzisa umgca wokulibazisa.

4. Ukubekwa kwecandelo

Nangona ii-inductors zikwazi ukuvelisa amandla ombane, iinjineli kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba azibekwa kufutshane xa zisebenzisa ii-inductors kwisekethe. Ukuba i-inductors ibekwe ngokusondeleyo komnye nomnye, ngokukodwa ekupheleni-ukuphela, kuya kudala ukudibanisa okuyingozi phakathi kwee-inductors. Ngenxa yommandla wamagnetic owenziwe yi-inductor, umbane wombane uqhutyelwa kwinto enkulu yensimbi. Ngoko ke, kufuneka zibekwe kumgama othile ukusuka kwinto yensimbi, ngaphandle koko ixabiso le-inductance lingatshintsha. Ngokubeka i-inductors perpendicular omnye komnye, nokuba i-inductors ibekwe ngokusondeleyo, ukudibanisa okungadingekile kungancitshiswa.

Ukuba i-PCB inamandla okuxhathisa amandla okanye nawaphi na amanye amacandelo avelisa ubushushu, kufuneka uqwalasele ifuthe lobushushu kwamanye amacandelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-capacitors yembuyekezo yeqondo lokushisa okanye i-thermostats isetyenziswe kwisekethe, akufanele ibekwe kufuphi ne-resistors yamandla okanye nawaphi na amacandelo avelisa ukushisa.

Kufuneka kubekho indawo ezinikeleyo kwi-PCB yesilawuli sokutshintshela ebhodini kunye namalungu ayo anxulumeneyo. Le nxalenye kufuneka ibekwe kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukusuka kwindawo ejongene neempawu ezincinci. Ukuba unikezelo lwamandla e-AC luqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-PCB, kufuneka kubekho indawo eyahlukileyo kwicala le-AC le-PCB. Ukuba amacandelo awahlulwanga ngokwezi ngcebiso zingentla, umgangatho woyilo lwePCB uya kuba yingxaki.

5. Landela ububanzi

Iinjineli kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ngokufanelekileyo ubungakanani bemikhondo ethwele imisinga emikhulu. Ukuba umkhondo ophethe iisignali ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza okanye iisignali zedijithali zihamba ngokunxuseneyo nezithwele iisignali ezincinci ze-analog, iingxaki zokuthatha ingxolo zinokuvela. Umkhondo oqhagamshelwe kwi-inductor unakho ukusebenza njenge-eriyali kwaye unokubangela ukukhutshwa kwamaza kanomathotholo ayingozi. Ukuthintela oku, la manqaku akufanele abe banzi.

6. Inqwelomoya ephantsi nephantsi

Ukuba iPCB inamacandelo amabini, idijithali kunye ne-analog, kwaye kufuneka idityaniswe kwindawo enye kuphela (ngokuqhelekileyo i-terminal yamandla engalunganga), inqwelomoya yomhlaba kufuneka yahlulwe. Oku kunokunceda ukuphepha impembelelo engalunganga yecandelo ledijithali kwinxalenye ye-analog ebangelwa yi-spike yangoku yomhlaba. Umkhondo wembuyekezo yomhlaba we-sub-circuit (ukuba iPCB inamaleko amabini kuphela) kufuneka yahlulwe, kwaye ke kufuneka idityaniswe kwitheminali yamandla engalunganga. Kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuba ube nemigangatho emine ubuncinane yeePCB ezintsonkothileyo, kwaye iileya ezimbini zangaphakathi ziyafuneka kumandla kunye nemigangatho yomhlaba.

ukuququmbela

Kuba iinjineli, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nolwazi olwaneleyo lobuchwephesha kuyilo PCB ukugweba umgangatho omnye okanye omnye uyilo umsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, iinjineli ezingenalwazi lobuchwephesha zinokujonga ezi ndlela zingasentla. Ngaphambi kokuba utshintshele kwiprototyping, ngakumbi xa uyila imveliso yokuqalisa, isoloko ingumbono olungileyo ukuhlala unengcali ejonga umgangatho woyilo lwePCB.