Hazvina mhosva kuti rudzi rwebhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa rinoda kuvakwa kana kuti rudzi rwemidziyo inoshandiswa, PCB inofanira kushanda zvakanaka. Ndiyo kiyi yekushanda kwezvigadzirwa zvakawanda, uye kukundikana kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro yakaipa.

Kutarisa iyo PCB panguva yekugadzira, kugadzira, uye kuita gungano kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chinosangana nemhando dzemhando uye kuita sezvanga zvichitarisirwa. Nhasi, maPCB akaoma kunzwisisa. Kunyangwe uku kuoma kunopa nzvimbo yezvizhinji zvitsva zvinhu, zvinounzawo njodzi huru yekutadza. Nekuvandudzwa kwePCB, tekinoroji yekuongorora uye tekinoroji inoshandiswa kuona hunhu hwayo huri kuramba huchiwedzera.

Sarudza iyo chaiyo yekuona tekinoroji kuburikidza nePCB mhando, nhanho dzazvino mukuita kwekugadzira uye zvikanganiso zvinoedzwa. Kugadzira chirongwa chekuongorora uye chekuyedza kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro.

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Nei tichifanira kutarisa PCB?
Kuongorora idanho rakakosha mune ese PCB kugadzirwa maitiro. Inogona kuona kukanganisa kwePCB kuitira kuti igadzirise uye nekuvandudza kuita kwese.

Kuongorora kwePCB kunogona kuratidza chero hurema hunogona kuitika panguva yekugadzira kana kuita gungano. Inogonawo kubatsira kuburitsa chero kukanganisa kwekugadzira kungave kuripo. Kutarisa PCB mushure mechikamu chega chega chekuita kunogona kuwana hurema usati wapinda muchikamu chinotevera, nekudaro kudzivirira kutambisa nguva yakawanda nemari kutenga zvigadzirwa zvisina kukwana. Inogona zvakare kubatsira kuwana imwe-nguva kuremara iyo inokanganisa imwe kana akawanda maPCB. Iyi nzira inobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuenderana kwehutano pakati pedare redunhu uye chigadzirwa chekupedzisira.

Pasina maitiro ekuongorora akakodzera ePCB, mabhodhi edunhu akaremara anogona kupihwa kune vatengi. Kana mutengi akagamuchira chigadzirwa chakaremara, mugadziri anogona kurasikirwa nekuda kwewaranti yekubhadhara kana kudzoka. Vatengi vacharasikirwawo kuvimba nekambani, nekudaro vachikuvadza mukurumbira wekambani. Kana vatengi vakaendesa bhizinesi ravo kune dzimwe nzvimbo, mamiriro ezvinhu aya anogona kutungamira kumikana yakarasika.

Munyaya yakaipisisa, kana PCB yakaremara ikashandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakaita semidziyo yekurapa kana zvikamu zvemotokari, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kana kufa. Zvinetso zvakadaro zvinogona kutungamirira kukurasikirwa kukuru kwemukurumbira uye kumatare anodhura.

Kuongorora kwePCB kunogona kubatsirawo kuvandudza maitiro ese ekugadzira PCB. Kana kukanganisa kuchiwanzowanikwa, matanho anogona kutorwa mukugadzirisa kukanganisa.

Yakadhindwa nzira yekuongorora gungano redunhu
Chii chinonzi PCB kuongorora? Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti PCB inogona kushanda sezvaitarisirwa, mugadziri anofanira kuona kuti zvikamu zvese zvakaunganidzwa nemazvo. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza nenhevedzano yematekiniki, kubva pakuongorora kuri nyore kuenda kune otomatiki kuyedzwa uchishandisa yepamusoro PCB yekuongorora michina.

Manual yekutarisa yekuona inzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga. Kune maPCB ari nyore, ungangoda iwo chete.
Manual ongororo yekuona:
Iyo yakapfava fomu yePCB yekuongorora ndeye bhuku rekuona yekuongorora (MVI). Kuita bvunzo dzakadai, vashandi vanogona kuona bhodhi neziso rakashama kana kukudza. Vachafananidza bhodhi negwaro rekugadzira kuti vaone kuti zvese zvakatemwa zvinosangana. Vanozotsvagawo zvakajairika default values. Rudzi rwekuremara kwavanotarisa kunoenderana nerudzi rwebhodhi redunhu uye zvikamu pairi.

Izvo zvinobatsira kuita MVI mushure menge nhanho yese yePCB yekugadzira maitiro (kusanganisira gungano).

Inspector anoongorora anenge ese edunhu bhodhi uye anotarisa akasiyana akajairwa kukanganisa mune ese maficha. Yakajairika yekuona PCB yekuongorora yekutarisa inogona kusanganisira inotevera:
Ita shuwa kuti ukobvu hwebhodhi redunhu hwakarurama, uye tarisa kushata kwepamusoro uye warpage.
Tarisa kana saizi yechikamu inosangana nezvinodiwa, uye nyatso tarisa kune saizi ine chekuita nemagetsi.
Tarisa kutendeseka uye kujeka kweiyo conductive pateni, uye tarisa kune solder mabhiriji, akavhurika maseketi, burrs uye voids.
Tarisa kunaka kwepamusoro uye wozotarisa kuti kune madent, dents, makwara, mapinikoni uye zvimwe zvakakanganisika pane zvakadhindwa zvakadhindwa.
Simbisa kuti maburi ese ari panzvimbo chaiyo. Ita shuwa kuti hapana zvakasiiwa kana maburi asina kufanira, dhayamita rinoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzira, uye hapana mapeji kana mapfundo.
Tarisa kusimba, kushata uye kupenya kwebacking plate, uye tarisa kune yakasimudzwa kuremara.
Ongorora coating quality. Tarisa ruvara rweplating flux, uye kana iri yunifomu, yakasimba uye iri munzvimbo kwayo.

Kuenzaniswa nemamwe marudzi ekuongorora, MVI ine zvakawanda zvakanaka. Nekuda kwekureruka kwayo, inodhura. Kunze kwekukwanisa kukwidziridzwa, hapana yakakosha michina inodiwa. Aya macheki anogona zvakare kuitwa nekukurumidza, uye anogona kuwedzerwa nyore kusvika kumagumo echero maitiro.

Kuita ongororo dzakadaro, chinhu chete chinodiwa ndechekutsvaga vashandi vehunyanzvi. Kana iwe uine hunyanzvi hunodiwa, nzira iyi inogona kubatsira. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti vashandi vagone kushandisa dhizaini uye vazive kuti ndeapi akaremara anofanirwa kucherechedzwa.

Kushanda kweiyi nzira yekuongorora kunogumira. Haikwanise kuongorora zvikamu zvisiri mumutsara wekuona kwevashandi. Semuenzaniso, majoini akavanzika e solder haagone kuongororwa nenzira iyi. Vashandi vanogonawo kupotsa humwe hurema, kunyanya hurema hudiki. Kushandisa nzira iyi kuongorora mabhodhi edunhu akaoma ane zvikamu zviduku zvakawanda zvinonyanya kunetsa.

Automated optical inspection:
Iwe unogona zvakare kushandisa PCB yekuongorora muchina wekutarisa kuona. Iyi nzira inodaidzwa kuti automated optical inspection (AOI).

Masisitimu eAOI anoshandisa magetsi akawanda uye imwe kana kupfuura yakamira kana kamera kuti iongororwe. Chiedza chinovhenekera bhodhi rePCB kubva kumakona ese. Iyo kamera inozotora mufananidzo kana vhidhiyo yedunhu redunhu uye inoigadzira kuti igadzire mufananidzo wakazara wemudziyo. Iyo sisitimu inozoenzanisa mifananidzo yayo yakatorwa neruzivo nezve kutaridzika kwebhodhi kubva kune zvakatemwa zvekugadzira kana zvikamu zvakabvumidzwa zvakakwana.

Zvese 2D ne3D AOI zvishandiso zviripo. Muchina we2D AOI unoshandisa marambi aneruvara uye makamera emumativi kubva kumakona akawanda kuti aongorore zvinhu zvine hurefu hwakakanganiswa. Midziyo ye3D AOI ichangoburwa uye inokwanisa kuyera kureba kwechikamu nekukurumidza uye nemazvo.

AOI inokwanisa kuwana akawanda ehurema hwakafanana neMVI, kusanganisira mapfumbu, zvikweshwa, masekete akavhurika, solder thinning, zvisipo, nezvimwe.

AOI tekinoroji yakakura uye yakarurama inokwanisa kuona kukanganisa kwakawanda mumaPCB. Inobatsira zvakanyanya mumatanho mazhinji ePCB kugadzira maitiro. Iyo zvakare inokurumidza kupfuura MVI uye inobvisa mukana wekukanganisa kwevanhu. Kufanana neMVI, haigone kushandiswa kuongorora zvikamu zvisingaonekwe, senge zvinongedzo zvakavigwa pasi pebhora regidhi arrays (BGA) uye mamwe marudzi ekurongedza. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisingashande kune maPCB ane chikamu chakanyanya chechikamu, nekuti zvimwe zvezvikamu zvinogona kuvanzwa kana kuvharika.
Otomatiki laser bvunzo kuyerwa:
Imwe nzira yePCB yekuongorora ndeye otomatiki laser bvunzo (ALT) kuyerwa. Iwe unogona kushandisa ALT kuyera saizi yemasoja majoini uye solder majoint deposits uye reflectivity yezvakasiyana zvikamu.

Iyo ALT system inoshandisa laser kuongorora uye kuyera PCB zvikamu. Kana chiedza chichiratidza kubva muzvikamu zvebhodhi, hurongwa hunoshandisa nzvimbo yechiedza kuona urefu hwayo. Inoyerawo kusimba kwedanda rinoratidzwa kuti rione kutaridzika kwechikamu. Iyo sisitimu inogona kubva yaenzanisa zviyero izvi nemaitiro ekugadzira, kana nemabhodhi edunhu akatenderwa kuti anyatso kuona chero kukanganisa.

Kushandisa iyo ALT system yakanakira kuona huwandu uye nzvimbo ye solder paste deposits. Inopa ruzivo nezve kurongeka, viscosity, kuchena uye zvimwe zvinhu zve solder paste kudhinda. Iyo ALT nzira inopa ruzivo rwakadzama uye inogona kuyerwa nekukurumidza. Aya marudzi ezviyero anowanzova akarurama asi ari pasi pekukanganiswa kana kudzivirirwa.

X-ray kuongorora:
Nekukwira kweiyo yepamusoro gomo tekinoroji, maPCB ave achiwedzera kuoma. Iye zvino, mabhodhi edunhu ane hukuru hwepamusoro, zvidimbu zvidiki, uye anosanganisira chip mapakeji akadai seBGA uye chip scale packaging (CSP), kuburikidza iyo yakavanzika solder kubatana haigone kuonekwa. Aya mabasa anounza zvipingamupinyi pakuongororwa kwekuona seMVI neAOI.

Kukunda matambudziko aya, X-ray yekuongorora michina inogona kushandiswa. Izvo zvinhu zvinotora X-rays zvichienderana nehuremu hwayo hweatomu. Izvo zvinorema zvinotora zvakawanda uye zvinhu zvakareruka zvinotora zvishoma, izvo zvinogona kusiyanisa zvinhu. Solder inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvinorema senge tin, sirivheri, uye lead, nepo zvimwe zvikamu zvakawanda paPCB zvinogadzirwa nezvinhu zvakareruka sealuminium, mhangura, kabhoni, uye silicon. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo solder iri nyore kuona panguva yeX-ray yekuongorora, nepo zvinenge zvese zvimwe zvikamu (kusanganisira substrates, lead, uye nesilicon integrated circuits) zvisingaoneki.

X-rays hairatidzirwe sechiedza, asi kupfuura nepakati pechinhu kuita mufananidzo wechinhu. Iyi nzira inoita kuti zvikwanise kuona kuburikidza ne chip package uye zvimwe zvikamu kuti utarise kubatanidza solder pasi pavo. Ongororo yeX-ray inokwanisawo kuona mukati memasolder joints kutsvaga mabubbles asingaonekwe neAOI.

Iyo X-ray system inogonawo kuona chitsitsinho chejoint solder. Munguva yeAOI, iyo solder joint ichavharwa nemutobvu. Mukuwedzera, kana uchishandisa X-ray kuongorora, hapana mimvuri inopinda. Naizvozvo, kuongororwa kweX-ray kunoshanda zvakanaka kumabhodhi edunhu ane dense zvikamu. X-ray yekuongorora midziyo inogona kushandiswa pabhuku rekuongorora X-ray, kana otomatiki X-ray system inogona kushandiswa otomatiki X-ray yekuongorora (AXI).

Kuongorora kweX-ray isarudzo yakanakira mamwe mabhodhi edunhu akaomarara, uye ine mamwe mabasa ayo asina dzimwe nzira dzekuongorora, sekukwanisa kupinza chip package. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa nemazvo kuongorora maPCB akaremerwa, uye inogona kuita yakadzama ongororo pamajoini ekutengesa. Iyo tekinoroji idiki nyowani, yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye inogona kudhura zvakanyanya. Chete kana uine nhamba huru yemadhirendi edunhu mabhodhi ane BGA, CSP uye mamwe mapakeji akadaro, unofanirwa kuisa mari mu X-ray yekuongorora michina.