Icapiro ryumuzunguruko wacapwe (PCB) rifite uruhare runini mumuzunguruko wihuta, ariko akenshi ni imwe muntambwe zanyuma mubikorwa byo gushushanya. Hano haribibazo byinshi byihuta byihuta bya PCB, kandi ibitabo byinshi byanditswe kuriyi ngingo. Iyi ngingo iraganira cyane cyane ku nsinga zumuzunguruko wihuse uhereye mubikorwa bifatika. Intego nyamukuru nugufasha abakoresha bashya kwita kubibazo byinshi bitandukanye bigomba kwitabwaho mugushushanya imiterere yihuta yumuzunguruko PCB. Indi ntego nugutanga ibikoresho byo gusubiramo kubakiriya badakoraho insinga za PCB mugihe gito. Bitewe n'imiterere mike, iyi ngingo ntishobora kuganira kubibazo byose birambuye, ariko tuzaganira kubice byingenzi bifite ingaruka zikomeye mugutezimbere imikorere yumuzunguruko, kugabanya igihe cyo gushushanya, no kubika igihe cyo guhindura.

Nubwo intego yibanze hano ari kumuzunguruko ujyanye no kwihuta kwihuta kwinshi, ibibazo nuburyo bwaganiriweho hano birakoreshwa muburyo bwo gukoresha insinga zikoreshwa mubindi byinshi byihuta byihuta. Iyo amplifier ikora ikora mumurongo mwinshi cyane wa radiyo (RF) umurongo, imikorere yumuzunguruko ahanini biterwa nimiterere ya PCB. Ibishushanyo mbonera byumuzunguruko bigaragara neza kuri "gushushanya" birashobora kubona imikorere isanzwe gusa iyo byatewe nuburangare mugihe cyo gukoresha insinga. Mbere yo gutekereza no kwitondera amakuru yingenzi mugihe cyose wiring bizafasha kwemeza imikorere yumuzingi uteganijwe.

Igishushanyo mbonera

Nubwo igishushanyo cyiza kidashobora kwemeza insinga nziza, insinga nziza itangirana nigishushanyo cyiza. Tekereza witonze mugihe ushushanya ibishushanyo, kandi ugomba gutekereza ibimenyetso byerekana uruziga rwose. Niba hari ibimenyetso bisanzwe kandi bihamye bitemba kuva ibumoso ugana iburyo mubishushanyo, noneho hagomba kubaho ibimenyetso byiza bimwe bitemba kuri PCB. Tanga amakuru yingirakamaro ashoboka kuri sisitemu. Kuberako rimwe na rimwe injeniyeri yubushakashatsi bwumuzunguruko idahari, abakiriya bazadusaba kudufasha gukemura ikibazo cyumuzunguruko, abashushanya, abatekinisiye naba injeniyeri bakora muriyi mirimo bazashima cyane, natwe turimo.

Usibye ibimenyekanisha bisanzwe, gukoresha ingufu, no kwihanganira amakosa, ni ayahe makuru akwiye gutangwa mubishushanyo? Hano hari inama zo guhindura ibishushanyo bisanzwe mubyiciro byambere. Ongeraho imiterere, amakuru yubukanishi kubyerekeye igikonoshwa, uburebure bwimirongo yacapwe, ahantu hatagaragara; erekana ibice bigomba gushyirwa kuri PCB; tanga amakuru yo guhindura, ibice bigize agaciro kangana, amakuru yo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kugenzura impedance imirongo yanditse, ibitekerezo, hamwe nizunguruka rigufi Ibisobanuro… (nibindi).
Ntukizere umuntu

Niba udashushanya insinga ubwawe, menya neza ko uha umwanya uhagije wo kugenzura witonze igishushanyo mbonera cyumuntu. Kwirinda gato bifite agaciro inshuro ijana umuti muriki gihe. Ntutegereze ko umuntu wifuza kumva ibitekerezo byawe. Igitekerezo cyawe nubuyobozi nibyingenzi mubyiciro byambere byuburyo bwo gushushanya. Ibisobanuro byinshi ushobora gutanga, kandi uko wivanga muburyo bwose bwo gukoresha insinga, nibyiza PCB izavamo. Shiraho icyerekezo cyagateganyo cya wiring igishushanyo cya injeniyeri-kugenzura byihuse ukurikije raporo yiterambere rya wiring ushaka. Ubu buryo "bufunze loop" burinda insinga kuyobya, bityo bikagabanya amahirwe yo gukora.

Amabwiriza agomba guhabwa injeniyeri wiring arimo: ibisobanuro bigufi byerekana imikorere yumuzunguruko, igishushanyo mbonera cya PCB cyerekana ibyinjira nibisohoka, amakuru ya PCB akurikirana (urugero, uko ikibaho kibyibushye, ni bangahe? harahari, kandi amakuru arambuye kuri buri kimenyetso cyerekana hamwe nubutaka bwindege-imikorere Gukoresha ingufu, insinga zubutaka, ibimenyetso bisa, ibimenyetso bya digitale na signal ya RF); ni ibihe bimenyetso bisabwa kuri buri cyiciro; bisaba gushyira ibice byingenzi; ahantu nyaburanga ibice bypass; imirongo yacapwe ni ngombwa; niyihe mirongo ikeneye kugenzura imirongo yanditse; Nuwuhe murongo ukeneye guhuza uburebure; ingano y'ibigize; imirongo yacapwe igomba kuba kure (cyangwa hafi); ni iyihe mirongo igomba kuba kure (cyangwa hafi); ibice bigomba kuba kure (cyangwa hafi) hagati yabyo; ibice bigomba gushyirwa Hejuru ya PCB, nibihe bishyirwa hepfo. Ntukigere witotomba ko hari amakuru menshi kubandi-make? Birakabije? Ntukore.

Ubunararibonye bwo kwiga: Hafi yimyaka 10 ishize, nashizeho ikibaho kinini cyumuzingi wumuzunguruko-hari ibice kumpande zombi. Koresha imiyoboro myinshi kugirango ukosore ikibaho muri shitingi ya aluminiyumu isize zahabu (kuko hariho ibipimo bikomeye byo kurwanya vibrasiya). Amapine atanga kubogama kubinyujije mubibaho. Iyi pin ihujwe na PCB mugurisha insinga. Iki nigikoresho gikomeye. Ibice bimwe kurubaho bikoreshwa mugushiraho ibizamini (SAT). Ariko nasobanuye neza aho ibi bice biri. Urashobora gukeka aho ibyo bice byashyizwe? By the way, munsi yubuyobozi. Mugihe abashinzwe ibicuruzwa nabatekinisiye bagombaga gusenya igikoresho cyose bakagiteranya nyuma yo kurangiza igenamiterere, basaga nkabatishimye cyane. Kuva icyo gihe sinongeye gukora ikosa.

Umwanya

Nko muri PCB, ahantu ni byose. Aho washyira umuzenguruko kuri PCB, aho washyira ibice byihariye byumuzunguruko, nibindi bizunguruka byegeranye, byose ni ngombwa cyane.

Mubisanzwe, imyanya yo kwinjiza, ibisohoka, no gutanga amashanyarazi byateganijwe mbere, ariko umuzenguruko hagati yabo ugomba "gukina ibihangano byabo." Niyo mpamvu kwitondera insinga zirambuye bizatanga inyungu nyinshi. Tangira hamwe nibice byingenzi bigize ibice hanyuma urebe umuzenguruko wihariye na PCB yose. Kugaragaza aho ibice byingenzi bigize inzira ninzira zerekana kuva mu ntangiriro bifasha kwemeza ko igishushanyo cyujuje intego zakazi ziteganijwe. Kubona igishushanyo kiboneye ubwambere birashobora kugabanya ibiciro nigitutu-kandi bigabanya uruzinduko rwiterambere.

Bypass power

Gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi kuruhande rwingufu za amplifier kugirango ugabanye urusaku nikintu gikomeye cyane muburyo bwo gushushanya PCB-harimo nimbaraga zihuta zikora cyangwa izindi nzitizi zihuta. Hariho uburyo bubiri busanzwe bwo kuboneza ibicuruzwa byihuta byihuta.

Gutsindira itumanaho ryamashanyarazi: Ubu buryo nuburyo bwiza cyane mubihe byinshi, ukoresheje ubushobozi bwinshi bubangikanye kugirango uhagarike amashanyarazi pin ya amplifier ikora. Muri rusange, ubushobozi bubiri bubangikanye burahagije-ariko wongeyeho ubushobozi bwa parallel bushobora kugirira akamaro imirongo imwe.

Ihuza rifitanye isano na capacator zifite agaciro ka capacitance zitandukanye zifasha kwemeza ko inzitizi ntoya gusa ihindagurika (AC) ishobora kugaragara kumurongo wamashanyarazi hejuru yumurongo mugari. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane kuri attenuation yinshuro yimikorere ya amplifier itanga amashanyarazi yo kwangwa (PSR). Iyi capacitor ifasha kwishyura PSR yagabanutse ya amplifier. Kugumana inzira ntoya yubutaka mubice byinshi bya octave bizafasha kwemeza ko urusaku rwangiza rudashobora kwinjira muri op amp. Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana ibyiza byo gukoresha ubushobozi bwinshi muburyo bubangikanye. Mugihe gito, capacator nini zitanga inzira yubutaka buke. Ariko iyo umuyoboro umaze kugera kuri rezo ya rezanse yabo, ubushobozi bwa capacitori buzacika intege kandi buhoro buhoro bugaragara. Niyo mpanvu ari ngombwa gukoresha capacator nyinshi: mugihe igisubizo cyinshyi ya capacitori imwe itangiye kugabanuka, igisubizo cyinshyi yizindi capacitori gitangira gukora, kuburyo gishobora gukomeza AC inzitizi nkeya cyane mubice byinshi bya octave.

Tangira neza na pine yo gutanga amashanyarazi ya op amp; capacitor ifite ubushobozi buke nubunini bwumubiri bugomba gushyirwa kuruhande rumwe rwa PCB na op amp - kandi hafi bishoboka kuri amplifier. Ubutaka bwubutaka bwa capacitori bugomba guhuzwa neza nindege yubutaka hamwe na pin ngufi cyangwa insinga zacapwe. Ihuza ryubutaka ryavuzwe haruguru rigomba kuba ryegereye ibishoboka byose kugirango umutwaro wongerewe imbaraga kugirango ugabanye intera iri hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi nubutaka.

Iyi nzira igomba gusubirwamo kubushobozi hamwe nubutaha bunini bwa capacitance. Nibyiza gutangirana nubushobozi buke bwa 0.01 µF hanyuma ugashyira capacitori ya 2.2 µF (cyangwa nini) ya electrolytike ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya (ESR) hafi yayo. Ubushobozi bwa 0.01 µF hamwe nubunini bwa 0508 bufite inductance yo hasi cyane kandi ikora neza cyane.

Amashanyarazi kumashanyarazi: Ubundi buryo bwo kuboneza bukoresha ubushobozi bumwe cyangwa bwinshi bwa bypass capacator zahujwe kumurongo mwiza kandi mubi utanga amashanyarazi ya amplifier ikora. Ubu buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa mugihe bigoye gushiraho ubushobozi bune mumuzunguruko. Ikibi cyacyo nuko ingano yimanza ya capacitori ishobora kwiyongera kuko voltage hejuru ya capacitor ikubye kabiri agaciro ka voltage muburyo bumwe bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa. Kongera ingufu za voltage bisaba kongera ingufu zavunitse zagabanutse kubikoresho, ni ukuvuga kongera amazu. Ariko, ubu buryo bushobora kunoza imikorere ya PSR no kugoreka.

Kuberako buri muzunguruko hamwe ninsinga zitandukanye, iboneza, umubare hamwe nubushobozi bwa capacitori bigomba kugenwa ukurikije ibisabwa byumuzunguruko nyirizina.