Umubare w'abashushanya ibyuma bya digitale hamwe ninzobere mu bishushanyo mbonera by’ibishushanyo mbonera mu bijyanye n’ubwubatsi bigenda byiyongera, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza iterambere ry’inganda. Nubwo kwibanda ku gishushanyo mbonera cyazanye iterambere rikomeye mubicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki, biracyahari, kandi hazajya habaho ibishushanyo mbonera byumuzunguruko bigereranya nibidukikije cyangwa ibidukikije nyabyo. Ingamba zo kwishakira mubigereranirizo hamwe na digitale bifite aho bihuriye, ariko mugihe ushaka kubona ibisubizo byiza, kuberako ingamba zabo zitandukanye zo gukoresha insinga, igishushanyo cyoroshye cyumuzunguruko ntikiri igisubizo cyiza.

Iyi ngingo iraganira ku buryo bwibanze n’itandukaniro riri hagati yo kugereranya no gukoresha ibyuma bya digitale ukurikije ubushobozi bwa bypass, ibikoresho bitanga ingufu, igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubutaka, amakosa ya voltage, hamwe n’ubuvanganzo bwa electronique (EMI) buterwa no gukoresha insinga za PCB.

Umubare w'abashushanya ibyuma bya digitale hamwe ninzobere mu bishushanyo mbonera by’ibishushanyo mbonera mu bijyanye n’ubwubatsi bigenda byiyongera, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza iterambere ry’inganda. Nubwo kwibanda ku gishushanyo mbonera cyazanye iterambere rikomeye mubicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki, biracyahari, kandi hazajya habaho ibishushanyo mbonera byumuzunguruko bigereranya nibidukikije cyangwa ibidukikije nyabyo. Ingamba zo kwishakira mubigereranirizo hamwe na digitale bifite aho bihuriye, ariko mugihe ushaka kubona ibisubizo byiza, kuberako ingamba zabo zitandukanye zo gukoresha insinga, igishushanyo cyoroshye cyumuzunguruko ntikiri igisubizo cyiza.

Iyi ngingo iraganira ku buryo bwibanze n’itandukaniro riri hagati yo kugereranya no gukoresha ibyuma bya digitale ukurikije ubushobozi bwa bypass, ibikoresho bitanga ingufu, igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubutaka, amakosa ya voltage, hamwe n’ubuvanganzo bwa electronique (EMI) buterwa no gukoresha insinga za PCB.

Ongeraho bypass cyangwa gusohora capacator ku kibaho cyumuzunguruko hamwe n’aho izo capacator ziri ku kibaho birasobanutse kubishushanyo mbonera. Ariko igishimishije, impamvu ziratandukanye.

Mu buryo bwo kugereranya insinga, ubushobozi bwa bypass busanzwe bukoreshwa mukuzenguruka ibimenyetso byumuvuduko mwinshi kumashanyarazi. Niba bypass capacator zitongeweho, ibyo bimenyetso byumuvuduko mwinshi birashobora kwinjiza ibyuma byoroshye bigereranywa binyuze mumashanyarazi. Muri rusange, inshuro zibi bimenyetso byihuta birenze ubushobozi bwibikoresho bigereranya guhagarika ibimenyetso byihuta. Niba ubushobozi bwa bypass budakoreshwa mukigereranyo cyumuziki, urusaku rushobora kwinjizwa munzira yerekana ibimenyetso, kandi mubihe bikomeye, birashobora no gutera kunyeganyega.

Mugushushanya no muburyo bwa digitale PCB, bypass cyangwa decoupling capacator (0.1uF) bigomba gushyirwa hafi yigikoresho gishoboka. Imashanyarazi itanga amashanyarazi (10uF) igomba gushyirwa kumurongo wamashanyarazi winjira kumuzingo. Mubihe byose, pin yiyi capacator igomba kuba mugufi.

Ku kibaho cyizunguruka ku gishushanyo cya 2, inzira zitandukanye zikoreshwa muguhuza ingufu ninsinga zubutaka. Kubera ubwo bufatanye budakwiye, ibice bya elegitoroniki hamwe n’umuzunguruko ku kibaho cy’umuzunguruko birashoboka cyane ko bibangamira amashanyarazi.

Muburyo bumwe bwishusho ya 3, imbaraga ninsinga zubutaka kubice biri kumurongo wumuzunguruko byegeranye. Ikigereranyo gihuye numurongo wamashanyarazi numurongo wubutaka muriki cyerekezo cyumuzunguruko birakwiye nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2. Birashoboka ko ibice bya elegitoroniki hamwe n’umuzunguruko mu kibaho cy’umuzunguruko bikorerwa interineti (EMI) byagabanutseho inshuro 679 / 12.8 cyangwa inshuro zigera kuri 54.
　　
Kubikoresho bya digitale nkabashinzwe kubitunganya no kubitunganya, gusohora ubushobozi nabyo birasabwa, ariko kubwimpamvu zitandukanye. Igikorwa kimwe cyaba capacator ni ugukora nka banki yishyuza “miniature”.

Muburyo bwa sisitemu, umubare munini wubu urasabwa gukora amarembo ya reta. Kubera ko guhinduranya inzibacyuho byakozwe kuri chip mugihe cyo guhinduranya no gutembera mu kibaho cyumuzunguruko, nibyiza kugira amafaranga yinyongera "asigara". Niba nta giciro gihagije mugihe ukora ibikorwa byo guhinduranya, amashanyarazi atangwa azahinduka cyane. Impinduka nyinshi za voltage zizatera urwego rwibimenyetso byinjira muburyo butazwi, kandi birashobora gutuma imashini ya leta mubikoresho bya digitale ikora nabi.

Guhinduranya ibintu bitembera mumuzunguruko wumuzunguruko bizatera voltage guhinduka, kandi ikibaho cyumuzunguruko gifite inductance ya parasitike. Inzira ikurikira irashobora gukoreshwa mukubara impinduka za voltage: V = LdI / dt. Muri byo: V = impinduka za voltage, L = ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyumuzingi, dI = impinduka zubu zinyuze mumurongo, dt = igihe cyimpinduka.
　　
Kubwibyo, kubwimpamvu nyinshi, nibyiza gukoresha bypass (cyangwa decoupling) capacator kumashanyarazi cyangwa kumashanyarazi yibikoresho bikora.

Umugozi w'amashanyarazi hamwe n'insinga z'ubutaka bigomba kunyuzwa hamwe

Umwanya wumugozi wamashanyarazi ninsinga zubutaka birahuye neza kugirango bigabanye amahirwe yo kwivanga kwa electronique. Niba umurongo w'amashanyarazi n'umurongo w'ubutaka bidahuye neza, hazashyirwaho sisitemu ya loop kandi urusaku rushobora kuvuka.

Urugero rwibishushanyo bya PCB aho umurongo w'amashanyarazi n'umurongo w'ubutaka bidahuye neza byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 2. Kuri iki kibaho cyumuzunguruko, ahantu hateganijwe kuzenguruka ni 697cm². Ukoresheje uburyo bwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 3, birashoboka ko urusaku rwinshi hejuru yumurongo wumuzunguruko utera voltage mumuzinga birashobora kugabanuka cyane.

Itandukaniro riri hagati yo kugereranya nuburyo bwa digitale

Indege Yubutaka nikibazo

Ubumenyi bwibanze bwibikoresho byumuzunguruko birakoreshwa muburyo bwombi hamwe na sisitemu. Amategeko shingiro yintoki nugukoresha indege yubutaka idahagarara. Iyi myumvire isanzwe igabanya ingaruka za dI / dt (guhinduka mubihe hamwe nigihe) mumuzunguruko wa digitale, ihindura ubushobozi bwubutaka kandi igatera urusaku kwinjira mukuzunguruka.

Tekinike yo gukoresha insinga ya sisitemu na analogi ni bimwe, usibye kimwe. Kubintu bisa, hari indi ngingo igomba kwitonderwa, ni ukuvuga, komeza imirongo yerekana ibimenyetso bya digitale hamwe nizunguruka mu ndege yubutaka kure cyane yumuzingi ushoboka. Ibi birashobora kugerwaho muguhuza indege isa nubutaka bwa sisitemu ihuza ukwayo, cyangwa ugashyira umuzenguruko wa analogi kumpera yanyuma yikibaho cyumuzunguruko, aricyo mpera yumurongo. Ibi bikorwa kugirango habeho kwivanga hanze kumurongo wibimenyetso kugeza byibuze.

Ntibikenewe ko ubikora kubijyanye na sisitemu ya digitale, ishobora kwihanganira urusaku rwinshi mu ndege yo hasi nta kibazo.

Igishushanyo cya 4 (ibumoso) gitandukanya ibikorwa bya digitale nigikorwa cyo kugereranya kandi kigatandukanya ibice bya digitale hamwe na analogi yumuzingi. .

Igicapo 5 Shyira ibice bibiri byegeranye kuri PCB, biroroshye gukora ubushobozi bwa parasitike. Bitewe nuko hariho ubu bwoko bwa capacitance, impinduka yihuta ya voltage kumurongo umwe irashobora gutanga ibimenyetso byubu kurindi zindi.

Igicapo 6 Niba utitaye ku gushyira ahabigenewe, ibimenyetso muri PCB birashobora kubyara umurongo no kwizana. Iyi induction ya parasitike yangiza cyane imikorere yumuzunguruko harimo na sisitemu yo guhinduranya.

Ahantu Ibigize

Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, muri buri gishushanyo cya PCB, igice cy urusaku cyumuzunguruko nigice "gituje" (igice kitari urusaku) kigomba gutandukana. Muri rusange, imiyoboro ya sisitemu "ikungahaye" mu rusaku kandi ntabwo yumva urusaku (kubera ko imiyoboro ya sisitemu ifite kwihanganira urusaku runini rwa voltage); Ibinyuranye, kwihanganira urusaku rwumubyigano wa analogi ni nto cyane.

Muri bibiri, imiyoboro isa niyumva cyane guhinduranya urusaku. Mu nsinga za sisitemu ivanze-ibimenyetso, iyi miyoboro yombi igomba gutandukana, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4.
　　
ComponentsIbice bya parasitike byakozwe nigishushanyo cya PCB

Ibintu bibiri byibanze bya parasitike bishobora gutera ibibazo byakozwe muburyo bworoshye muburyo bwa PCB: ubushobozi bwa parasitike hamwe ninduction ya parasitike.

Mugushushanya ikibaho cyumuzunguruko, gushyira ibimenyetso bibiri hafi yundi bizabyara ubushobozi bwa parasitike. Urashobora gukora ibi: Kubice bibiri bitandukanye, shyira inzira imwe hejuru yizindi nzira; cyangwa kumurongo umwe, shyira inzira imwe kurindi zindi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5.
　　
Muri ibi bice byombi byerekana, impinduka za voltage mugihe (dV / dt) kumurongo umwe zishobora gutera imiyoboro kurindi zindi. Niba izindi nzira ari impedance nyinshi, ikigezweho cyakozwe numuriro w'amashanyarazi kizahinduka voltage.
　　
Umuvuduko wihuta wa voltage akenshi uboneka kuruhande rwa digitale yerekana igishushanyo mbonera. Niba ibimenyetso byihuta byihuta byihuta byegeranye cyane-bigereranijwe cyane, iri kosa rizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumyizerere ya analog. Muri ibi bidukikije, imiyoboro igereranya ifite ibibi bibiri: kwihanganira urusaku ruri hasi cyane ugereranije n’umuzunguruko; n'inzira ndende zo gukumira ni nyinshi.
　　
Gukoresha bumwe muburyo bubiri bukurikira burashobora kugabanya iki kintu. Tekinike ikoreshwa cyane ni uguhindura ingano hagati yinzira ukurikije ubushobozi bwa capacitance. Ingano nziza cyane yo guhindura ni intera iri hagati yinzira zombi. Twabibutsa ko impinduka d iri murwego rwo kugereranya ubushobozi. Nkuko d yiyongera, reaction ya capacitif izagabanuka. Iyindi mpinduka ishobora guhinduka nuburebure bwibimenyetso byombi. Muri iki gihe, uburebure L buragabanuka, kandi reaction ya capacitive reaction hagati yinzira zombi nayo izagabanuka.
　　
Ubundi buhanga ni ugushira umugozi wubutaka hagati yizi nzira zombi. Umugozi wubutaka ni inzitizi nke, kandi wongeyeho indi sura nkiyi bizaca intege umurima wamashanyarazi, nkuko bigaragara mumashusho 5.
　　
Ihame rya inducance ya parasitike mubuyobozi bwumuzunguruko isa nubwa parasitike capacitance. Nugushiraho kandi ibimenyetso bibiri. Ku byiciro bibiri bitandukanye, shyira inzira imwe hejuru yizindi nzira; cyangwa kumurongo umwe, shyira inzira imwe kurindi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6.

Muri ubu buryo bubiri bwo kwifashisha, impinduka zubu (dI / dt) yumurongo hamwe nigihe, kubera inductance yuru rutonde, bizabyara voltage kumurongo umwe; kandi kuberako habaho kwishira hamwe, bizagerwaho Umuyoboro ugereranije ubyara izindi nzira. Niba imbaraga za voltage kumurongo wambere ari nini bihagije, kwivanga birashobora kugabanya kwihanganira voltage yumurongo wa digitale kandi bigatera amakosa. Iyi phenomenon ntabwo igaragara gusa mumuzunguruko wa digitale, ariko iyi phenomenon ikunze kugaragara mumuzunguruko wa digitale kubera nini nini yo guhinduranya ako kanya mumashanyarazi.
　　
Kugira ngo ukureho urusaku rushoboka ruturuka kuri electromagnetic yivanga, nibyiza gutandukanya imirongo "ituje" igereranya nicyambu cya I / O. Kugirango ugerageze kugera kumbaraga nke-zidafite imbaraga hamwe numuyoboro wubutaka, induction yinsinga zumurongo wa digitale zigomba kugabanywa, kandi guhuza ubushobozi bwimikorere ya analogi bigomba kugabanywa.
　　
03

Umwanzuro

Nyuma yimibare ya digitale na analogi igenwe, inzira yitonze ningirakamaro kuri PCB igenda neza. Ingamba zo gukoresha insinga zimenyeshwa buriwese nkitegeko, kuko biragoye kugerageza intsinzi yanyuma yibicuruzwa muri laboratoire. Kubwibyo, nubwo bihuye ningamba zo kwifashisha imiyoboro ya sisitemu na analogi, itandukaniro ryingamba zabo zigomba kumenyekana no gufatanwa uburemere.