Icapa ryumuzunguruko (PCB) nikintu cyibanze cya elegitoronike gikoreshwa cyane mubicuruzwa bitandukanye bya elegitoroniki nibijyanye nayo. PCB rimwe na rimwe yitwa PWB (Icapa ryacapwe). Kera byari byinshi muri Hong Kong no mu Buyapani mbere, ariko ubu ni bike (mubyukuri, PCB na PWB biratandukanye). Mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba n’uturere, muri rusange bita PCB. Mu Burasirazuba, ifite amazina atandukanye kubera ibihugu n'uturere dutandukanye. Kurugero, mubisanzwe byitwa icyapa cyumuzunguruko cyacapwe mugihugu cyUbushinwa (mbere cyiswe icyapa cyandika cyacapwe), kandi muri rusange cyitwa PCB muri Tayiwani. Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyitwa ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki (umuzunguruko) mubuyapani na substrate muri koreya yepfo.
PCB ninkunga yibikoresho bya elegitoronike nuwitwara guhuza amashanyarazi yibikoresho bya elegitoronike, cyane cyane gushyigikira no guhuza. Mubyukuri bivuye hanze, igice cyinyuma cyumuzunguruko gifite amabara atatu: zahabu, ifeza, numutuku werurutse. Bishyizwe ku giciro: zahabu niyo ihenze cyane, ifeza ni iya kabiri, naho umutuku woroshye niwo uhendutse. Nyamara, insinga imbere yumuzunguruko ni umuringa usukuye, ni umuringa wambaye ubusa.
Bavuga ko hakiri ibyuma byinshi byagaciro kuri PCB. Biravugwa ko, ugereranije, buri terefone yubwenge irimo 0.05g zahabu, 0.26g feza, na 12.6g umuringa. Ibiri muri zahabu muri mudasobwa igendanwa bikubye inshuro 10 ibya terefone igendanwa!
Ninkunga yibikoresho bya elegitoronike, PCBs bisaba kugurisha hejuru, kandi igice cyumuringa gisabwa gushyirwa ahagaragara. Izi muringa zerekanwe zitwa padi. Amapadi muri rusange ni urukiramende cyangwa ruzengurutse hamwe n'umwanya muto. Kubwibyo, nyuma yo kugurisha mask yo kugurisha, umuringa wonyine kuri padi uhura numwuka.
Umuringa ukoreshwa muri PCB uhinduka okiside byoroshye. Niba umuringa uri kuri padi urimo okiside, ntibizagorana kugurisha gusa, ahubwo nuburwanya biziyongera cyane, bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere yibicuruzwa byanyuma. Kubwibyo, ipadi yashizwemo zahabu ya inert, cyangwa hejuru yuzuyeho ifeza hifashishijwe uburyo bwa shimi, cyangwa firime idasanzwe yimiti ikoreshwa mugupfuka umuringa kugirango wirinde ko padi idahura nikirere. Irinde okiside kandi urinde padi, kugirango ibashe gutanga umusaruro muburyo bwo kugurisha nyuma.
1. PCB yambaye umuringa laminate
Umuringa wambaye umuringa ni ibikoresho bimeze nk'isahani bikozwe mu gutera inda y'ibirahuri by'ibirahure cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bishimangira hamwe na resin kuruhande rumwe cyangwa impande zombi hamwe na fayili y'umuringa no gukanda.
Fata ibirahuri bya fibre fibre ishingiye kumuringa wambaye laminate nkurugero. Ibikoresho byibanze byingenzi ni ifu yumuringa, umwenda wibirahure, hamwe na epoxy resin, bingana na 32%, 29% na 26% byigiciro cyibicuruzwa.
Uruganda rwumuzunguruko
Umuringa wambaye umuringa wa laminate nicyo kintu cyibanze cyibibaho byumuzunguruko wacapwe, kandi imbaho zumuzingo zicapuwe ningingo zingenzi zingirakamaro kubicuruzwa byinshi bya elegitoronike kugirango bigerweho. Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ikoranabuhanga, bimwe bidasanzwe bya elegitoroniki yumuringa wambaye laminates birashobora gukoreshwa mumyaka yashize. Gukora mu buryo butaziguye ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byanditse. Imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu mbaho zicapuwe zisanzwe zikozwe mu muringoti muto umeze nk'umuringa utunganijwe, ni ukuvuga ifu y'umuringa mu buryo bworoshye.
2. Ubuyobozi bwa PCB Immersion Zahabu
Niba zahabu n'umuringa bihuye neza, hazabaho reaction yumubiri yo kwimuka kwa elegitoronike no gukwirakwizwa (isano iri hagati y’itandukaniro rishobora kubaho), bityo rero urwego rwa “nikel” rugomba gutwarwa n’amashanyarazi nka barrière, hanyuma zahabu igatwarwa kuri hejuru ya nikel, mubisanzwe rero tuyita Electroplated zahabu, izina ryayo nyaryo rigomba kwitwa "electroplated nikel zahabu".
Itandukaniro hagati ya zahabu ikomeye na zahabu yoroshye nibigize urwego rwa nyuma rwa zahabu rushyizweho. Iyo isahani ya zahabu, urashobora guhitamo amashanyarazi ya zahabu cyangwa ibivanze. Kuberako ubukana bwa zahabu itunganijwe bworoshye, byitwa kandi "zahabu yoroshye". Kuberako "zahabu" ishobora gukora amavuta meza hamwe na "aluminium", COB izakenera cyane cyane ubunini bwuru rwego rwa zahabu nziza mugihe ikora insinga za aluminium. Byongeye kandi, niba uhisemo amashanyarazi ya nikel-nikel cyangwa amavuta ya cobalt, kubera ko amavuta azakomera kuruta zahabu nziza, nanone yitwa "zahabu ikomeye".
Uruganda rwumuzunguruko
Igice gikozwe muri zahabu gikoreshwa cyane mubipapuro, intoki za zahabu, hamwe na shrapnel ihuza ikibaho cyumuzunguruko. Ikibaho cyibibaho byumurongo wa terefone igendanwa ikoreshwa cyane cyane ni imbaho zometseho zahabu, imbaho zometseho zahabu, imbaho za mudasobwa, amajwi n'utubaho duto duto twa sisitemu ntabwo ari imbaho zometseho zahabu.
Zahabu ni zahabu nyayo. Nubwo hashyizweho urwego ruto cyane, rusanzwe rufite hafi 10% yikiguzi cyumuzunguruko. Gukoresha zahabu nkigipande kimwe ni icyoroshya gusudira ikindi mukurinda ruswa. Ndetse urutoki rwa zahabu rwibikoresho byakoreshejwe mumyaka myinshi iracyahinduka nka mbere. Niba ukoresheje umuringa, aluminium, cyangwa icyuma, bizahita byangirika mubirundo. Byongeye kandi, igiciro cyisahani yometseho zahabu ni kinini, kandi imbaraga zo gusudira ni nke. Kuberako inzira ya nikel yamashanyarazi ikoreshwa, ikibazo cya disiki yumukara birashoboka. Nikel igizwe na okiside mugihe, kandi kwizerwa kuramba nabyo ni ikibazo.
3. Ikibaho cya PCB Immersion
Immersion Ifeza ihendutse kuruta Immersion Zahabu. Niba PCB ifite ihuza ryibikorwa bikenewe kandi ikeneye kugabanya ibiciro, Ifeza ya Immersion ni amahitamo meza; iherekejwe na Immersion Ifeza nziza no guhuza, noneho inzira ya Immersion Ifeza igomba guhitamo.
Immersion Silver ifite porogaramu nyinshi mubicuruzwa byitumanaho, ibinyabiziga, hamwe na mudasobwa ya mudasobwa, kandi ifite na porogaramu muburyo bwihuse bwo gushushanya ibimenyetso. Kubera ko Immersion Silver ifite ibikoresho byiza byamashanyarazi ubundi buryo bwo kuvura budashobora guhura, burashobora no gukoreshwa mubimenyetso byinshi. EMS irasaba gukoresha inzira ya silver yibiza kuko byoroshye guterana kandi bifite igenzurwa ryiza. Ariko, kubera inenge nko kwanduza no kugurisha ubusa hamwe, gukura kwa feza yibiza byatinze (ariko ntibigabanuka).
kwagura
Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyacapwe gikoreshwa nkumuyoboro uhuza ibice bya elegitoroniki bihujwe, kandi ubwiza bwumuzunguruko buzagira ingaruka ku mikorere yibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bifite ubwenge. Muri byo, isahani yubwiza bwibibaho byacapwe ni ngombwa cyane. Amashanyarazi arashobora kunoza uburinzi, kugurishwa, gutwara no kwambara birwanya ikibaho cyumuzunguruko. Mubikorwa byo gukora imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe, electroplating nintambwe yingenzi. Ubwiza bwa electroplating bujyanye no gutsinda cyangwa kunanirwa mubikorwa byose hamwe nimikorere yinama yumuzunguruko.
Inzira nyamukuru ya electroplating ya pcb ni ugusya umuringa, gusiga amabati, isahani ya nikel, gushira zahabu nibindi. Umuringa w'amashanyarazi ni isahani y'ibanze yo guhuza amashanyarazi ku mbaho z'umuzunguruko; amabati ya electroplating nikintu gikenewe kugirango habeho umusaruro utunganijwe neza nkurwego rwo kurwanya ruswa mugutunganya imiterere; nikel electroplating ni ugukwirakwiza amashanyarazi nikel kuri bariyeri yumuzunguruko kugirango wirinde umuringa na zahabu Mugenzi wa dialyse; electroplating zahabu irinda passivasi yubuso bwa nikel kugirango ihuze imikorere yo kugurisha no kwangirika kwakibaho.