Hano, ibintu bine byingenzi biranga imirongo ya radiyo yumurongo bizasobanurwa mubice bine: interineti yumurongo wa radiyo, ibimenyetso bito byifuzwa, ibimenyetso binini byo kwivanga, hamwe numuyoboro uhuza, hamwe nibintu byingenzi bikeneye kwitabwaho bidasanzwe mubikorwa bya PCB byatanzwe.

Imirongo ya radiyo yumurongo wa radiyo yumuzunguruko

Umuyoboro udafite insinga nuwakiriye bigabanijwemo ibice bibiri: inshuro fatizo na radiyo. Umuyoboro wibanze urimo urutonde rwikimenyetso cyinjiza cya transmitter hamwe ninshuro yumurongo wibisohoka byakira. Umuyoboro mugari wibanze ugena igipimo cyibanze amakuru ashobora gutembera muri sisitemu. Inshuro fatizo ikoreshwa mugutezimbere kwizerwa ryamakuru no kugabanya umutwaro washyizweho na transmitter ku buryo bwo kohereza munsi yikigereranyo cyihariye cyo kohereza amakuru. Kubwibyo, ibimenyetso byinshi byo gutunganya ibimenyetso byubuhanga birakenewe mugihe dushushanya uruziga rwibanze kuri PCB. Umuyoboro wa radiyo yumurongo wa transmitter urashobora guhindura no guhinduranya ibimenyetso bya baseband yatunganijwe kumuyoboro wabigenewe, hanyuma ugatera iki kimenyetso muburyo bwo kohereza. Ibinyuranye na byo, radiyo yumuzunguruko wa radiyo yakira irashobora kubona ibimenyetso bivuye muburyo bwo kohereza, hanyuma igahindura kandi ikagabanya inshuro kuri base base.
Transmitter ifite intego ebyiri zingenzi zo gushushanya PCB: Iya mbere nuko bagomba kohereza imbaraga runaka mugihe bakoresha imbaraga nkeya zishoboka. Iya kabiri ni uko badashobora kubangamira imikorere isanzwe ya transcevers mumiyoboro yegeranye. Kubijyanye nuwakiriye, hari intego eshatu zingenzi zo gushushanya PCB: icya mbere, zigomba kugarura neza ibimenyetso bito; icya kabiri, bagomba gushobora gukuraho ibimenyetso bibangamira hanze yumurongo wifuza; na nyuma, nka transmitter, bagomba gukoresha imbaraga Ntoya cyane.

Ikimenyetso kinini cyo guhuza radiyo yumurongo wumurongo wigana

Uwakiriye agomba kumva cyane ibimenyetso bito, kabone niyo haba hari ibimenyetso binini byo kubangamira (inzitizi). Ibi bintu bibaho mugihe ugerageza kwakira ibimenyetso byoroheje cyangwa birebire byogukwirakwiza, kandi insimburangingo ikomeye iri hafi gusakara kumuyoboro wegeranye. Ikimenyetso kibangamira gishobora kuba kinini kugeza kuri 60 kugeza kuri 70 dB kuruta ibimenyetso byari byateganijwe, kandi birashobora gutwikirwa byinshi mugihe cyo kwinjiza uwakiriye, cyangwa uwakiriye ashobora kubyara urusaku rwinshi mugihe cyo kwinjiza kugirango abuze kwakira ibimenyetso bisanzwe. . Niba uwakiriye yirukanywe mukarere katari umurongo nimbogamizi mugihe cyo kwinjiza, ibibazo bibiri byavuzwe haruguru bizabaho. Kugira ngo wirinde ibyo bibazo, impera yimbere yabakiriye igomba kuba umurongo.
Kubwibyo, "umurongo" nacyo ni ikintu cyingenzi muburyo bwa PCB bwakira. Kubera ko uwakiriye ari uruziga rugufi, kutagira umurongo bipimwa no gupima “kugoreka intermodulation”. Ibi bikubiyemo gukoresha imirongo ibiri ya sine cyangwa cosine waves ifite imirongo isa kandi iri mumurongo wo hagati kugirango utware ibimenyetso byinjira, hanyuma upime ibicuruzwa bya intermodulation. Muri rusange, SPICE ni software itwara igihe kandi igatwara amafaranga menshi yo kwigana, kuko igomba gukora ibarwa ryinshi kugirango ibone ibisubizo bikenewe kugirango yumve kugoreka.

Ikimenyetso gito giteganijwe muri simulation ya RF

Uwakiriye agomba kuba yunvikana cyane kugirango amenye ibimenyetso bito byinjira. Mubisanzwe nukuvuga, imbaraga zo kwinjiza zakira zishobora kuba nto nka 1 μV. Ibyiyumvo byabakiriye bigarukira ku rusaku rwatewe n'umuzunguruko wacyo. Kubwibyo, urusaku nigitekerezo cyingenzi mubishushanyo bya PCB byakira. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo guhanura urusaku hamwe nibikoresho byo kwigana ni ngombwa. Igishushanyo 1 nicyakira superheterodyne. Ikimenyetso cyakiriwe kibanza kuyungurura, hanyuma ibimenyetso byinjira byongerwaho urusaku ruke rwinshi (LNA). Noneho koresha oscillator yambere yambere (LO) kugirango uvange niki kimenyetso kugirango uhindure iki kimenyetso mumwanya muto (IF). Urusaku rwimikorere yumuzingi wimbere-biterwa ahanini na LNA, mixer na LO. Nubwo isesengura ry’urusaku gakondo rwa SPICE rishobora kubona urusaku rwa LNA, ntacyo bimaze kuri mixer na LO, kuko urusaku muri utwo duce ruzagira ingaruka zikomeye ku kimenyetso kinini cya LO.
Ikimenyetso gito cyinjiza gisaba uwakiriye kugira imikorere ikomeye yo kongera imbaraga, kandi mubisanzwe bisaba inyungu ya 120 dB. Hamwe ninyungu nini, ikimenyetso icyo aricyo cyose gifatanije kuva ibisohoka bigaruka kumpera yanyuma bishobora gutera ibibazo. Impamvu y'ingenzi yo gukoresha superheterodyne yakira imyubakire ni uko ishobora gukwirakwiza inyungu mumirongo myinshi kugirango igabanye amahirwe yo guhuza. Ibi kandi bituma inshuro ya LO yambere itandukana ninshuro yikimenyetso cyinjiza, gishobora kubuza ibimenyetso binini byo kwivanga "kwanduzwa" kugeza kubimenyetso bito byinjira.
Kubwimpamvu zitandukanye, muri sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zitumanaho zidafite umugozi, guhinduranya mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa ubwubatsi bwa homodyne bushobora gusimbuza superheterodyne yubatswe. Muri ubu bwubatsi, ibimenyetso byinjira bya RF byahinduwe muburyo bwihuse murwego rumwe. Kubwibyo, ibyinshi mubyunguka biri mumurongo wibanze, kandi inshuro ya LO nibimenyetso byinjira ni bimwe. Muri iki gihe, hagomba kumvikana ingaruka zumubare muto wo guhuza, kandi hagomba gushyirwaho icyitegererezo kirambuye cy "inzira yerekana inzira", nka: guhuza binyuze muri substrate, pin paki, hamwe ninsinga zihuza (Bondwire) hagati ya guhuza, no guhuza binyuze mumurongo w'amashanyarazi.

Imiyoboro yegeranye yivanga mumaradiyo yumurongo wigana

Kugoreka nabyo bigira uruhare runini mu kohereza. Kutagira umurongo byakozwe na transmitter mumasoko asohoka birashobora gukwirakwiza umurongo wa signal yoherejwe mumiyoboro yegeranye. Iyi phenomenon yitwa "kwongera kugaragara". Mbere yuko ikimenyetso kigera ku mbaraga zohereza amashanyarazi (PA), umurongo wawo ni muto; ariko "kugoreka intermodulation" muri PA bizatuma umurongo wongera kwiyongera. Niba umurongo wiyongereye cyane, utanga ubutumwa ntushobora kuzuza ingufu zisabwa mumiyoboro yegeranye. Iyo wohereza ibimenyetso byahinduwe muburyo bwa digitale, mubyukuri, SPICE ntishobora gukoreshwa muguhishurira iterambere ryikurikiranya. Kuberako ihererekanyabubasha ryibimenyetso 1.000 (ikimenyetso) bigomba kwigana kugirango ubone icyerekezo gihagarariwe, kandi imiyoboro yikwirakwiza ryinshi igomba guhuzwa, ibyo bigatuma isesengura ryigihe gito rya SPICE ridashoboka.