01
Amategeko shingiro yimiterere yibigize
1. Ukurikije ibice byumuzunguruko, gukora imiterere nizunguruka bifitanye isano bigera kumurimo umwe byitwa module.Ibigize mubice byumuzunguruko bigomba kwemeza ihame ryo kwibanda hafi, kandi umuzenguruko wa digitale hamwe nizunguruka zigomba gutandukana;
2. Nta bikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwaho muri 1,27mm yimyobo idashyirwaho nkumwobo uhagaze, umwobo usanzwe, na 3.5mm (kuri M2.5) na 4mm (kuri M3) ya 3.5mm (kuri M2.5) na 4mm (kuri M3) ntishobora kwemererwa gushiraho ibice;
3. Irinde gushyira mu mwobo munsi ya horizontal irwanya izengurutswe, inductors (plug-ins), capacitori ya electrolytike nibindi bice kugirango wirinde kuzenguruka mugihe gito vias hamwe nibikonoshwa nyuma yo kugurisha umuraba;
4. Intera iri hagati yikigize ninkombe yikibaho ni 5mm;
5. Intera iri hagati yinyuma yimashini igizwe na hanze yikintu cyegeranye kirenze 2mm;
6. Ibice by'ibishishwa by'ibice n'ibice by'icyuma (agasanduku gakingira, n'ibindi) ntibigomba gukora ku bindi bice, kandi ntibigomba kuba hafi y'imirongo yanditse.Intera iri hagati yabo igomba kuba irenze 2mm.Ingano yumwobo uhagaze, umwobo wihuta, umwobo wa oval nindi myobo ya kare mu kibaho uhereye hanze yuruhande rwibibaho birenze 3mm;
7. Ibikoresho byo gushyushya ntibigomba kuba hafi yinsinga nibintu byangiza ubushyuhe;ibintu bishyushya cyane bigomba kugabanwa neza;
8. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugomba gutondekwa hafi yicapiro ryacapwe uko bishoboka kose, kandi amashanyarazi hamwe na bisi ya bisi ihujwe nayo igomba gutondekwa kuruhande rumwe.By'umwihariko hagomba kwitonderwa kutategura amashanyarazi hamwe nandi masano yo gusudira hagati yabahuza kugirango byorohereze gusudira kwi soketi hamwe nu muhuza, hamwe no gushushanya no guhambira insinga z'amashanyarazi.Gutandukanya umwanya wamashanyarazi hamwe nuduhuza gusudira bigomba gutekerezwa kugirango byoroherezwe gucomeka no gucomeka amashanyarazi;
9. Gutegura ibindi bice:
Ibigize IC byose byahujwe kuruhande rumwe, kandi polarite yibice bya polar iragaragara neza.Uburinganire bwikibaho kimwe cyacapwe ntibushobora gushyirwaho ibimenyetso birenze ibyerekezo bibiri.Iyo ibyerekezo bibiri bigaragara, ibyerekezo byombi biratandukanye;
10. Amashanyarazi hejuru yububiko agomba kuba menshi kandi yuzuye.Iyo itandukaniro ryubucucike ari rinini cyane, rigomba kuzuzwa na feri y'umuringa mesh, kandi gride igomba kuba irenze 8mil (cyangwa 0.2mm);
11. Ntabwo hagomba kubaho kunyura mu mwobo uri kuri padi ya SMD kugirango wirinde gutakaza paste yo kugurisha no gutera kugurisha ibinyoma.Imirongo yingenzi yibimenyetso ntabwo yemerewe kunyura hagati ya sock pin;
12. Ipamba ihujwe kuruhande rumwe, icyerekezo cyimiterere ni kimwe, naho icyerekezo cyo gupakira ni kimwe;
13. Mugihe gishoboka, ibikoresho bya polarize bigomba kuba bihuye nibyerekezo bya polarite icyerekezo kimwe.

Amategeko yo gukoresha ibice

1. Shushanya agace k'insinga muri 1mm uhereye kumpande ya PCB no muri 1mm ukikije umwobo uzamuka, birabujijwe;
2. Umurongo w'amashanyarazi ugomba kuba mugari bishoboka kandi ntugomba kuba munsi ya 18mil;ubugari bwumurongo wibimenyetso ntibugomba kuba munsi ya 12mil;cpu iyinjiza nibisohoka imirongo ntigomba kuba munsi ya 10mil (cyangwa 8mil);intera y'umurongo ntigomba kuba munsi ya 10mil;
3. Ibisanzwe binyuze ntabwo biri munsi ya 30mil;
4. Kubiri kumurongo: 60mil pad, 40mil aperture;
1 / 4W birwanya: 51 * 55mil (umusozi wa 0805);iyo kumurongo, padi ni 62mil naho aperture ni 42mil;
Ubushobozi butagira akagero: 51 * 55mil (0805 hejuru yubuso);iyo kumurongo, padi ni 50mil, na aperture ni 28mil;
5. Menya ko umurongo w'amashanyarazi n'umurongo w'ubutaka bigomba kuba ari radiyo ishoboka, kandi umurongo w'ikimenyetso ntugomba guhindurwa.

03
Nigute ushobora kunoza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya-kwivanga no guhuza amashanyarazi?
Nigute ushobora kunoza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya-kwivanga no guhuza amashanyarazi mugihe utezimbere ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike hamwe nibitunganya?

1. Sisitemu zikurikira zigomba kwita cyane kubirwanya anti-electronique:
(1) Sisitemu aho amasaha ya microcontroller ari menshi cyane kandi bisi yihuta cyane.
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2. Fata ingamba zikurikira kugirango wongere imbaraga zo kurwanya anti-electromagnetic ubushobozi bwa sisitemu:
(1) Hitamo microcontroller ifite inshuro nke:
Guhitamo microcontroller hamwe numwanya muto wo hanze yisaha irashobora kugabanya neza urusaku no kunoza sisitemu yo kurwanya interineti.Kuri kwaduka kwaduka hamwe na sine yumurongo umwe, ibice byinshi byumuvuduko mwinshi murwego rwo hejuru birarenze ibyo muri sine wave.Nubwo amplitude yikintu kinini-kigizwe na kwaduka kwaduka ari ntoya kurenza umuraba shingiro, uko inshuro nyinshi, niko byoroshye gusohora nkisoko y urusaku.Urusaku rwinshi cyane rwumuvuduko ukabije uterwa na microcontroller ni inshuro zigera kuri 3 isaha yisaha.

(2) Kugabanya kugoreka mugutanga ibimenyetso
Microcontrollers ikorwa cyane cyane ikoresheje tekinoroji yihuse ya CMOS.Iyinjiza ihagaze ya signal yinjiza ya terefone igera kuri 1mA, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza ni 10PF, kandi ibyinjira byinjira ni byinshi.Ibisohoka byihuta byihuta byihuta bya CMOS bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu byinshi, ni ukuvuga agaciro kanini gasohoka.Umugozi muremure uganisha kumurongo winjiza hamwe ninzitizi nyinshi zo kwinjiza, ikibazo cyo kugaragaza kirakomeye cyane, bizatera kugoreka ibimenyetso no kongera urusaku rwa sisitemu.Iyo Tpd> Tr, ihinduka ikibazo cyumurongo wohereza, kandi ibibazo nkibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso hamwe no guhuza impedance bigomba gusuzumwa.

Igihe cyo gutinda kw'ikimenyetso ku kibaho cyacapwe kijyanye no kuranga impengamiro yo kuyobora, ifitanye isano na dielectric ihoraho y'ibikoresho byacapwe byumuzunguruko.Birashobora gufatwa nkaho umuvuduko wo kohereza ibimenyetso ku kibaho cyacapwe uyobora ni 1/3 kugeza 1/2 cyumuvuduko wurumuri.Tr (igihe cyo gutinda gisanzwe) yibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa muri terefone igizwe na sisitemu igizwe na microcontroller iri hagati ya 3 na 18 ns.

Ku kibaho cyacapwe cyumuzunguruko, ikimenyetso kinyura muri 7W résistoriste hamwe na 25cm z'uburebure, kandi igihe cyo gutinda kumurongo kiri hagati ya 4 ~ 20ns.Muyandi magambo, igihe kigufi ibimenyetso biganisha kumuzingo wacapwe, ibyiza, kandi birebire ntibigomba kurenga 25cm.Kandi umubare wa vias ugomba kuba muto bishoboka, byaba byiza utarenze ebyiri.
Iyo ikimenyetso cyo kuzamuka cyihuta kuruta igihe cyo gutinza ibimenyetso, bigomba gutunganywa hakurikijwe ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byihuse.Muri iki gihe, impedance ihuza umurongo wohereza igomba gusuzumwa.Kubijyanye no guhererekanya ibimenyetso hagati yumwanya uhuriweho ku kibaho cyacapwe, ibintu bya Td> Trd bigomba kwirindwa.Nibinini byacapwe byumuzunguruko, byihuse sisitemu ntishobora.
Koresha imyanzuro ikurikira kugirango uvuge muri make itegeko ryicapiro ryumuzingo wacapwe:
Ikimenyetso cyoherejwe ku kibaho cyacapwe, kandi igihe cyacyo cyo gutinda ntigikwiye kurenza igihe cyo gutinda kwizina ryibikoresho byakoreshejwe.

(3) Kugabanya umusaraba * kwivanga hagati yumurongo wibimenyetso:
Intambwe yikimenyetso hamwe nigihe cyo kuzamuka kwa Tr kuri point A yoherezwa kuri terminal B ikoresheje kuyobora AB.Igihe cyo gutinza ibimenyetso kumurongo AB ni Td.Kuri point D, kubera kohereza imbere yikimenyetso kuva kumurongo A, kugaragariza ibimenyetso nyuma yo kugera kuri B no gutinda kumurongo wa AB, ikimenyetso cyimpapuro zerekana ubugari bwa Tr bizaterwa nyuma yigihe cya Td.Ku ngingo ya C, kubera ihererekanyabubasha no kwerekana ibimenyetso kuri AB, ikimenyetso cyiza cya pulse gifite ubugari bwikubye kabiri igihe cyo gutinda kw'ikimenyetso kumurongo wa AB, ni ukuvuga 2Td, iraterwa.Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo guhuza ibimenyetso.Ubwinshi bwikimenyetso cyo guhuza bifitanye isano na di / kuri ikimenyetso kuri point C nintera iri hagati yimirongo.Iyo imirongo ibiri yerekana ibimenyetso ntabwo ari ndende cyane, ibyo ubona kuri AB mubyukuri ni superposition ya pulses ebyiri.

Micro-control yakozwe na tekinoroji ya CMOS ifite impedance nyinshi, urusaku rwinshi, hamwe no kwihanganira urusaku rwinshi.Inzira ya sisitemu irengerwa n urusaku 100 ~ 200mv kandi ntiruhindura imikorere yayo.Niba umurongo wa AB mubishushanyo ari ikimenyetso gisa, uku kwivanga guhinduka kutihanganirwa.Kurugero, icapiro ryumuzunguruko ryacapwe ninzira enye igizwe, imwe murimwe nubutaka bunini, cyangwa ikibaho cyimpande ebyiri, kandi iyo uruhande rwinyuma rwumurongo wibimenyetso ari ahantu hanini, umusaraba * kwivanga hagati yibi bimenyetso bizagabanuka.Impamvu nuko ubuso bunini bwubutaka bugabanya inzitizi iranga umurongo wikimenyetso, kandi kwerekana ibimenyetso kumpera ya D bigabanuka cyane.Ibiranga inzitizi iragereranijwe ihwanye na kare ya dielectric ihoraho yikigereranyo kuva kumurongo wikimenyetso kugeza hasi, kandi ugereranije na logarithm naturel yubunini bwikigereranyo.Niba umurongo wa AB ari ikimenyetso gisa, kugirango wirinde kwivanga kumurongo wumurongo wumurongo wumurongo wa CD kuri AB, hagomba kubaho umwanya munini munsi yumurongo wa AB, kandi intera iri hagati yumurongo wa AB n'umurongo wa CD igomba kuba irenze 2 kugeza inshuro 3 intera iri hagati yumurongo wa AB nubutaka.Irashobora gukingirwa igice, kandi insinga zubutaka zishyirwa ibumoso niburyo bwicyerekezo kuruhande hamwe nuyoboye.

(4) Kugabanya urusaku ruva mumashanyarazi
Mugihe amashanyarazi atanga ingufu muri sisitemu, nayo yongera urusaku rwayo mumashanyarazi.Umurongo wo gusubiramo, umurongo uhagarika, nindi mirongo igenzura ya microcontroller mukuzunguruka birashoboka cyane kubangamira urusaku rwo hanze.Kwivanga gukomeye kumashanyarazi yinjira mumuzunguruko binyuze mumashanyarazi.Ndetse no muri sisitemu ikoreshwa na bateri, bateri ubwayo ifite urusaku rwinshi.Ikimenyetso cyikigereranyo cyikigereranyo ntigishobora kwihanganira kwivanga mumashanyarazi.

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Mugihe cyumuvuduko mwinshi, kuyobora, vias, résistoriste, capacator, hamwe na inductance yagabanijwe hamwe nubushobozi bwabahuza kumurongo wacapwe ntushobora kwirengagizwa.Induction yagabanijwe ya capacitor ntishobora kwirengagizwa, kandi ubushobozi bwagabanijwe bwa inductor ntibushobora kwirengagizwa.Kurwanya bitanga ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso byihuta cyane, kandi ubushobozi bwagabanijwe bwa sisitemu bizagira uruhare.Iyo uburebure burenze 1/20 cyuburebure bwumurongo uhwanye nurusaku rwurusaku, hakorwa antenne, kandi urusaku rusohoka binyuze mumutwe.

Binyuze mu mwobo wibibaho byacapwe bitera hafi 0,6 pf ya capacitance.
Ibikoresho byo gupakira byuzuzanya ubwabyo bitangiza ubushobozi bwa 2 ~ 6pf.
Umuhuza ku kibaho cyumuzunguruko afite inductance ya 520nH.Kabiri-kumurongo 24-pin ihuriweho numuzunguruko skewer itangiza 4 ~ 18nH yagabanijwe inductance.
Ibipimo bito byo gukwirakwiza ntibisanzwe muriyi murongo ya sisitemu ya microcontroller sisitemu;bigomba kwitabwaho bidasanzwe kuri sisitemu yihuta.

(6) Imiterere yibigize igomba kugabanwa muburyo bukwiye
Umwanya wibigize kurutonde rwumuzingo wacapwe ugomba gusuzuma byimazeyo ikibazo cyo kurwanya anti-electronique.Rimwe mu mahame nuko kuyobora hagati yibigize bigomba kuba bigufi bishoboka.Mu miterere, igice cyerekana ibimenyetso bisa, igice cyihuta cyumuzunguruko wigice, nigice cyinkomoko yurusaku (nka relay, imiyoboro ihanitse cyane, nibindi) bigomba gutandukana muburyo bworoshye kugirango hagabanuke ibimenyetso bihuza hagati yabo.

G Koresha insinga zubutaka
Ku kibaho cyacapwe cyumuzunguruko, umurongo wamashanyarazi numurongo wubutaka nibyingenzi.Uburyo bwingenzi bwo gutsinda interineti ya electronique ni hasi.
Kuburyo bubiri, imiterere yubutaka bwubutaka irihariye.Binyuze mu gukoresha igitereko kimwe, amashanyarazi hamwe nubutaka bihujwe nu kibaho cyacapwe cyacapishijwe kuva kumpande zombi zitanga amashanyarazi.Amashanyarazi afite aho ahurira nubutaka bufite aho buhurira.Ku kibaho cyacapwe cyumuzunguruko, hagomba kubaho insinga nyinshi zo kugaruka, zizakusanyirizwa hamwe aho zihurira n’amashanyarazi agaruka, aribyo bita guhuza ingingo imwe.Ibyo bita analog ground, ubutaka bwa digitale, hamwe nububasha bukomeye bwibikoresho bigabanywa bivuga gutandukanya insinga, hanyuma amaherezo byose bihurira kuriyi ngingo.Iyo uhuza nibimenyetso bitari ibicapo byumuzunguruko byacapwe, insinga zikingiwe zirakoreshwa.Kumurongo mwinshi hamwe nibimenyetso bya digitale, impande zombi z'umugozi ukingiwe zirahagaze.Impera imwe ya kabili ikingiwe kubimenyetso bito byagereranijwe bigomba guhagarara.
Inzitizi zumva cyane urusaku no kwivanga cyangwa imizunguruko cyane cyane urusaku rwinshi cyane igomba gukingirwa igifuniko cyicyuma.

(7) Koresha ubushobozi bwa decoupling capacator neza.
Umuyoboro mwiza wo hejuru wogushobora gukuramo ibice byinshi bya 1GHZ.Ububiko bwa Ceramic chip cyangwa capacitori ya ceramic ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo hejuru.Mugushushanya icyapa cyumuzingo cyacapwe, capacitor ya decoupling igomba kongerwamo imbaraga nubutaka bwa buri muzunguruko.Umuyoboro wa decoupling ufite imirimo ibiri: kuruhande rumwe, nubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu zumuzunguruko uhuriweho, utanga kandi ugakurura ingufu zumuriro nogusohora mugihe cyo gufungura no gufunga uruziga rwuzuye;kurundi ruhande, irengana urusaku rwinshi rwibikoresho.Ubusanzwe ubushobozi bwa decoupling ya 0.1uf mumuzunguruko wa digitale ifite 5nH yagabanijwe inductance, kandi parallel yayo ya resonance inshuro zingana na 7MHz, bivuze ko ifite ingaruka nziza yo gukuramo urusaku ruri munsi ya 10MHz, kandi ifite ingaruka nziza yo gusakuza urusaku ruri hejuru ya 40MHz.Urusaku nta ngaruka rufite.

1uf, 10uf capacator, parallel resonance frequency iri hejuru ya 20MHz, ingaruka zo gukuraho urusaku rwinshi ni rwiza.Akenshi nibyiza gukoresha capacitor ya 1uf cyangwa 10uf de-high frequency aho imbaraga zinjira mukibaho cyacapwe, ndetse no kuri sisitemu ikoreshwa na bateri.
Buri bice 10 byumuzunguruko bigomba kwongerwaho kwishyuza no gusohora capacitor, cyangwa bita capacitori yo kubika, ingano ya capacitor irashobora kuba 10uf.Nibyiza kudakoresha ubushobozi bwa electrolytike.Imashanyarazi ya electrolytike yazinduwe hamwe ibice bibiri bya pu firime.Iyi miterere yazindutse ikora nka inductance kuri frequency nyinshi.Nibyiza gukoresha ubushobozi bwa bile cyangwa capacitor ya polyakarubone.

Guhitamo ubushobozi bwa decoupling capacitor agaciro ntabwo bikomeye, birashobora kubarwa ukurikije C = 1 / f;ni ukuvuga, 0.1uf kuri 10MHz, no kuri sisitemu igizwe na microcontroller, irashobora kuba hagati ya 0.1uf na 0.01uf.

3. Ubunararibonye bumwe mukugabanya urusaku no kwivanga kwa electronique.
(1) Imashini yihuta irashobora gukoreshwa aho gukoresha chip yihuta.Imashini yihuta ikoreshwa ahantu h'ingenzi.
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(3) Gerageza gutanga uburyo bumwe bwo gusibanganya relay, nibindi.
(4) Koresha isaha yo hasi cyane yujuje ibisabwa na sisitemu.
(5) Imashini itanga amasaha yegeranye cyane nigikoresho gikoresha isaha.Igikonoshwa cya quartz kristal oscillator igomba kuba ihagaze.
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.Ikimenyetso cyinjira mu kibaho cyacapwe kigomba kuyungurura, kandi ikimenyetso kiva mu rusaku rwinshi nacyo kigomba kuyungurura.Mugihe kimwe, urukurikirane rwibintu bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango bigabanye ibimenyetso byerekana.
(8) Impera idafite akamaro ya MCD igomba guhuzwa hejuru, cyangwa hasi, cyangwa igasobanurwa nkibisohoka.Iherezo ryumuzingi uhuriweho ugomba guhuzwa nubutaka bwo gutanga amashanyarazi ugomba guhuzwa nawo, kandi ntugomba gusigara ureremba.
.Ibyiza byinjiza byanyuma bya amplifier idakoreshwa bigomba kuba bifite ishingiro, kandi ibyinjira byinjira bigomba guhuzwa nibisohoka..
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.Umurongo w'amashanyarazi n'umurongo w'ubutaka bigomba kuba binini bishoboka.Niba ubukungu buhendutse, koresha ikibaho kinini kugirango ugabanye ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi nubutaka.
(13) Komeza isaha, bisi, na chip hitamo ibimenyetso kure yumurongo wa I / O hamwe.
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(15) Kubikoresho bya A / D, igice cya digitale nigice gisa nacyo cyahitamo guhuzwa kuruta gutangwa *.
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(18) Umurongo wingenzi ugomba kuba mwinshi nkuko bishoboka, kandi ubutaka bwo kurinda bugomba kongerwaho kumpande zombi.Umurongo wihuta ugomba kuba mugufi kandi ugororotse.
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(20) Ntukagende insinga munsi ya kirisiti ya kirisiti cyangwa munsi yibikoresho byumva urusaku.
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(22) Ntugakore uruziga kubimenyetso byose.Niba bidashobora kwirindwa, kora agace kazengurutse gato gashoboka.
(23) Imashini imwe ikuramo buri muzunguruko.Umuyoboro muto muto-mwinshi wa bypass ugomba kongerwaho buri capacitori ya electrolytike.
.Iyo ukoresheje ubushobozi bwa tubular, urubanza rugomba gushingirwaho.

04
PROTEL ikunze gukoreshwa urufunguzo rwihuta
Urupapuro Hejuru Kuzuza hamwe nimbeba nkikigo
Urupapuro Hasi Kuramo hamwe nimbeba nkikigo.
Murugo Hagati imyanya yerekanwe nimbeba
Kurangiza gushya (redraw)
* Hindura hagati yo hejuru no hepfo
+ (-) Hindura ibice kumurongo: "+" na "-" biri muburyo butandukanye
Q mm (milimetero) na mil (mil) ibice byahinduwe
IM ipima intera iri hagati yingingo ebyiri
E x Hindura X, X nintego yo guhindura, code niyi ikurikira: (A) = arc;(C) = ibigize;(F) = kuzuza;(P) = padi;(N) = umuyoboro;(S) = imiterere;(T) = insinga;(V) = binyuze;(I) = umurongo uhuza;(G) = yuzuye polygon.Kurugero, mugihe ushaka guhindura ibice, kanda EC, icyerekezo cyimbeba kizagaragara "icumi", kanda kugirango uhindure
Ibice byahinduwe birashobora guhindurwa.
P x Umwanya X, X nintego yo gushyira, kode nimwe nkuko byavuzwe haruguru.
M x yimura X, X nintego yimuka, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Kimwe nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, na (I) = guhitamo flip Igice;(O) Kuzenguruka igice cyo gutoranya;(M) = Himura igice cyo gutoranya;(R) = Kwishura.
S x hitamo X, X nibintu byatoranijwe, code niyi ikurikira: (I) = agace k'imbere;(O) = agace ko hanze;(A) = byose;(L) = byose kuri layer;(K) = igice gifunze;(N) = urusobe rw'umubiri;(C) = umurongo uhuza umurongo;(H) = ipadiri ifite ubuhanga bwihariye;(G) = padi hanze ya gride.Kurugero, mugihe ushaka guhitamo byose, kanda SA, ibishushanyo byose bimurika kugirango werekane ko byatoranijwe, kandi urashobora gukoporora, gusiba, no kwimura dosiye zatoranijwe.