Ikibaho cyateguwe neza cyumuzunguruko cyangwa PCBs ntizigera yujuje ubuziranenge bukenewe mubikorwa byubucuruzi. Ubushobozi bwo kumenya ubuziranenge bwibishushanyo bya PCB ni ngombwa cyane. Uburambe nubumenyi byubushakashatsi bwa PCB birasabwa gukora isuzuma ryuzuye. Ariko, hariho inzira nyinshi zo guca urubanza vuba ubwiza bwibishushanyo bya PCB.

Igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kuba gihagije kugirango ugaragaze ibice bigize imikorere yatanzwe nuburyo bihujwe. Nyamara, amakuru yatanzwe nigishushanyo kijyanye no gushyira mubyukuri no guhuza ibice kubikorwa runaka ni bike cyane. Ibi bivuze ko niyo PCB yaba yarakozwe muburyo bwitondewe gushyira mubikorwa ibice byose bigize igishushanyo mbonera cyuzuye cyakazi, birashoboka ko ibicuruzwa byanyuma bidashobora gukora nkuko byari byitezwe. Kugenzura vuba ubwiza bwibishushanyo bya PCB, nyamuneka suzuma ibi bikurikira:

1. Inzira ya PCB

Ibimenyetso bigaragara bya PCB bitwikiriwe no kugurisha kugurisha, bifasha kurinda ibimenyetso byumuringa kumirongo migufi na okiside. Amabara atandukanye arashobora gukoreshwa, ariko ibara rikoreshwa cyane ni icyatsi. Menya ko bigoye kubona ibimenyetso kubera ibara ryera rya masike yagurishijwe. Mubihe byinshi, dushobora kubona gusa hejuru no hepfo. Iyo PCB ifite ibice birenze bibiri, ibice byimbere ntibigaragara. Ariko, biroroshye kumenya ubuziranenge bwibishushanyo urebye gusa hanze.

Mugihe cyo gusubiramo igishushanyo mbonera, genzura ibimenyetso kugirango wemeze ko nta kugoreka gukabije kandi ko byose bigera kumurongo ugororotse. Irinde kugunama gukabije, kuko ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe byihuta cyane cyangwa imbaraga nyinshi zishobora gutera ibibazo. Irinde burundu kuko aribimenyetso byanyuma byubuziranenge bubi.

2. Gukuramo ubushobozi

Kugirango ushungure urusaku rwinshi rushobora kugira ingaruka mbi kuri chip, capacitor ya decoupling iri hafi cyane ya pin itanga amashanyarazi. Mubisanzwe, niba chip irimo pin irenze imwe-imiyoboro-ya (VDD) pin, buri pin nkiyi ikenera capacitor ya decoupling, rimwe na rimwe ndetse birenze.

Imashini ya decoupling igomba gushyirwa hafi ya pin kugirango ikorwe. Niba idashyizwe hafi ya pin, ingaruka za capacitor ya decoupling zizagabanuka cyane. Niba capacitor ya decoupling idashyizwe kuruhande rwa pin kuri microchips nyinshi, noneho ibi byongeye kwerekana ko igishushanyo cya PCB atari cyo.

3. Uburebure bwa PCB buringaniye

Kugirango ukore ibimenyetso byinshi bifite isano nyayo yigihe, uburebure bwa PCB bugomba guhuzwa mugushushanya. Kurikirana uburebure buhuza byemeza ko ibimenyetso byose bigera aho bijya hamwe nubukererwe bumwe kandi bigafasha gukomeza umubano hagati yimpande zerekana ibimenyetso. Birakenewe kubona igishushanyo mbonera kugirango tumenye niba umurongo uwo ariwo wose wumurongo wibimenyetso bisaba umubano wigihe. Izi nyuguti zirashobora gukurikiranwa kugirango harebwe niba hari uburebure buringaniye bwakoreshejwe (ubundi bita imirongo yo gutinda). Mubihe byinshi, iyi mirongo yo gutinda isa nkimirongo igoramye.

Birakwiye ko tumenya ko gutinda kwinyongera guterwa na vias munzira yerekana ibimenyetso. Niba vias idashobora kwirindwa, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko amatsinda yose akurikirana afite umubare ungana wa vias hamwe nubusabane bwigihe. Ubundi, gutinda guterwa no kunyuramo birashobora kwishyurwa ukoresheje umurongo wo gutinda.

4. Gushyira ibice

Nubwo inductors zifite ubushobozi bwo kubyara magnetique, injeniyeri agomba kwemeza ko zidashyizwe hafi yazo mugihe zikoresha inductors mumuzunguruko. Niba inductors zishyizwe hafi yazo, cyane cyane impera-z-iherezo, bizana guhuza kwangiza hagati ya inductors. Bitewe numurima wa magneti wakozwe na inductor, umuyagankuba uterwa mubintu binini byuma. Kubwibyo, bigomba gushyirwa intera runaka yikintu cyicyuma, naho ubundi agaciro ka inductance karashobora guhinduka. Mugushira inductors perpendicular kuri buriwese, niyo inductors zishyizwe hamwe, guhuza bitari ngombwa birashobora kugabanuka.

Niba PCB ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ingufu cyangwa ibindi bintu byose bitanga ubushyuhe, ugomba gusuzuma ingaruka zubushyuhe kubindi bice. Kurugero, niba ubushobozi bwindishyi zubushyuhe cyangwa thermostat zikoreshwa mukuzunguruka, ntibigomba gushyirwa hafi yumuriro wamashanyarazi cyangwa ibice byose bitanga ubushyuhe.

Hagomba kubaho agace kabugenewe kuri PCB kubuyobozi bwo guhinduranya ibintu hamwe nibijyanye nabyo. Iki gice kigomba gushyirwaho kure hashoboka uhereye kubice byerekana ibimenyetso bito. Niba amashanyarazi ya AC ahujwe neza na PCB, hagomba kubaho igice cyihariye kuruhande rwa AC ya PCB. Niba ibice bitatandukanijwe ukurikije ibyifuzo byavuzwe haruguru, ubwiza bwigishushanyo cya PCB buzaba ikibazo.

5. Kurikirana ubugari

Ba injeniyeri bagomba kwitondera cyane kugirango bamenye neza ingano yinzira zitwara imigezi minini. Niba ibimenyetso bitwara ibimenyetso bihinduka byihuse cyangwa ibimenyetso bya digitale bigenda bisa nibimenyetso bitwara ibimenyetso bito bisa, ibibazo byo gutora urusaku bishobora kuvuka. Inzira ihujwe na inductor ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora nka antene kandi irashobora gutera imyuka yangiza radio. Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, ibi bimenyetso ntibigomba kuba binini.

6. Indege y'ubutaka n'ubutaka

Niba PCB ifite ibice bibiri, sisitemu na analog, kandi igomba guhuzwa kumwanya umwe gusa (mubisanzwe imbaraga zitari nziza), indege yubutaka igomba gutandukana. Ibi birashobora gufasha kwirinda ingaruka mbi zigice cya digitale kubice bisa biterwa nubutaka bwubu. Ubutaka bwo kugaruka kumurongo wa sisitemu (niba PCB ifite ibice bibiri gusa) igomba gutandukana, hanyuma igomba guhuzwa na terefone mbi. Birasabwa cyane kugira byibuze ibice bine kuri PCB igereranije, kandi ibice bibiri byimbere birakenewe kububasha nubutaka.

mu gusoza

Kuri ba injeniyeri, ni ngombwa cyane kugira ubumenyi bwumwuga buhagije mugushushanya PCB kugirango tumenye ireme ryumushinga umwe cyangwa umwe. Ariko, ba injeniyeri badafite ubumenyi bwumwuga barashobora kureba uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru. Mbere yo kwimukira kuri prototyping, cyane cyane mugushushanya ibicuruzwa byatangiye, burigihe nibyiza ko uhora ufite abahanga bagenzura ubuziranenge bwibishushanyo bya PCB.