Mu gishushanyo cya PCB, guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC) hamwe no guhuza amashanyarazi (EMI) byahoze ari ibibazo bibiri bikomeye byateye injeniyeri kubabara umutwe, cyane cyane mubishushanyo mbonera byubuyobozi bwumuzunguruko no gupakira ibice bigenda bigabanuka, kandi OEM isaba sisitemu yihuta cyane Imiterere.

1. Kwambukiranya inzira no gukoresha insinga ningingo zingenzi

Gukoresha insinga ni ngombwa cyane kugirango tumenye neza ko ibintu bisanzwe bigenda. Niba ikigezweho kiva muri oscillator cyangwa ikindi gikoresho gisa nacyo, ni ngombwa cyane cyane kugumya gutandukana nindege yubutaka, cyangwa kutareka ikigezweho kigenda kibangikanye nundi murongo. Ibimenyetso bibiri bibangikanye byihuta bizatanga EMC na EMI, cyane cyane kunyura. Inzira yo guhangana igomba kuba ngufi, kandi inzira igaruka inzira igomba kuba ngufi ishoboka. Uburebure bwinzira yo kugaruka inzira igomba kuba imwe nuburebure bwo kohereza.

Kuri EMI, umwe yitwa "wiring wiring" naho undi "wahohotewe". Ihuriro rya inductance na capacitance bizagira ingaruka kumurongo wa "uwahohotewe" bitewe nuko hari imirima ya electromagnetique, bityo bikabyara imbere kandi bigahinduka kuri "uwahohotewe". Muri iki gihe, imvururu zizabyara ahantu hatuje aho uburebure bwo kohereza hamwe nuburebure bwakiriwe bwikimenyetso bingana.

Muburyo bwiza kandi butajegajega bwogukoresha insinga, imiyoboro iterwa igomba guhagarika undi kugirango ikureho inzira. Ariko, turi mwisi idatunganye, kandi ibintu nkibi ntibizabaho. Kubwibyo, intego yacu nukugumya kwambukiranya inzira zose kugeza byibuze. Niba ubugari buri hagati yimirongo ibangikanye bwikubye kabiri ubugari bwimirongo, ingaruka zambukiranya zishobora kugabanuka. Kurugero, niba ubugari bwikurikiranwa ari mil 5, intera ntarengwa hagati yimirongo ibiri iringaniye igomba kuba mili 10 cyangwa irenga.

Mugihe ibikoresho bishya nibice bishya bikomeje kugaragara, abashushanya PCB bagomba gukomeza guhangana na electromagnetic ihuza nibibazo byo kwivanga.

2. Gukuramo ubushobozi

Gukuramo ubushobozi bushobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi zambukiranya umuhanda. Bagomba kuba hagati yumuriro wamashanyarazi na pin yubutaka bwigikoresho kugirango barebe ko AC idahungabana kandi bigabanya urusaku ninzira nyabagendwa. Kugirango ugere ku mbogamizi nke hejuru yumurongo mugari, hagomba gukoreshwa ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukuramo.

Ihame ryingenzi ryo gushyira ubushobozi bwa decoupling ni uko ubushobozi bwa capacitor ifite agaciro gake cyane bigomba kuba hafi bishoboka kubikoresho kugirango bigabanye ingaruka za inductance kumurongo. Iyi capacitor yihariye irihafi ishoboka kuri power pin cyangwa power power ya igikoresho, hanyuma ugahuza padi ya capacitori muburyo butaziguye cyangwa indege y'ubutaka. Niba inzira ari ndende, koresha vias nyinshi kugirango ugabanye ubutaka.

3. Shyira PCB

Inzira y'ingenzi yo kugabanya EMI ni ugushushanya indege ya PCB. Intambwe yambere nugukora ahantu hanini hashoboka hashoboka mugace kose kibaho cyumuzunguruko wa PCB, gishobora kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, umuhanda n urusaku. Hagomba kwitonderwa byumwihariko mugihe uhuza buri kintu kumurongo wubutaka cyangwa indege yubutaka. Niba ibi bidakozwe, ingaruka zo kutabogama kwindege yizewe ntizakoreshwa neza.

Igishushanyo cyihariye cya PCB gifite voltage nyinshi zihamye. Byiza, buri cyerekezo cya voltage gifite indege yacyo ihuye. Ariko, niba urwego rwubutaka ari rwinshi, bizongera igiciro cyo gukora PCB kandi bituma igiciro kiri hejuru cyane. Ubwumvikane ni ugukoresha indege zubutaka ahantu hatatu kugeza kuri eshanu zitandukanye, kandi buri ndege yubutaka irashobora kuba irimo ibice byinshi byubutaka. Ibi ntibigenzura gusa ikiguzi cyo gukora cyumuzunguruko, ahubwo kigabanya EMI na EMC.

Niba ushaka kugabanya EMC, sisitemu yo hasi yingirakamaro ni ngombwa cyane. Muri PCB igizwe nibice byinshi, nibyiza kugira indege yubutaka yizewe, aho kuba umujura wumuringa cyangwa indege yubutaka yatatanye, kuko ifite inzitizi nke, irashobora gutanga inzira igezweho, niyo soko nziza yerekana ibimenyetso.

Uburebure bwigihe ibimenyetso bigaruka kubutaka nabyo ni ngombwa cyane. Igihe kiri hagati yikimenyetso ninkomoko yikimenyetso kigomba kuba kingana, bitabaye ibyo bizabyara antenne imeze nkibintu, bituma ingufu zikoreshwa mubice bya EMI. Muri ubwo buryo ,, ibimenyetso byohereza ibyagezweho kuri / biva mubimenyetso bigomba kuba bigufi bishoboka. Niba uburebure bwinkomoko yinzira ninzira yo kugaruka bitaringaniye, ubutaka bwihuta buzabaho, nabwo buzabyara EMI.

4. Irinde inguni ya 90 °

Kugirango ugabanye EMI, irinde insinga, vias nibindi bice bigize inguni ya 90 °, kuko inguni iburyo izabyara imirasire. Kuri iyi mfuruka, ubushobozi buziyongera, kandi impedance iranga nayo izahinduka, biganisha kubitekerezo hanyuma EMI. Kugira ngo wirinde inguni 90 °, ibimenyetso bigomba kunyuzwa mu mfuruka byibuze kuri 45 °.

5. Koresha vias witonze

Hafi ya PCB hafi ya yose, vias igomba gukoreshwa mugutanga imiyoboro iyobora hagati yinzego zitandukanye. Abashinzwe imiterere ya PCB bakeneye kwitonda cyane kuko vias izabyara inductance na capacitance. Rimwe na rimwe, bazanatanga ibitekerezo, kuko ibiranga impedance bizahinduka mugihe unyuze bikozwe mumurongo.

Wibuke kandi ko vias izongera uburebure bwikimenyetso kandi igomba guhuzwa. Niba ari itandukaniro ritandukanye, vias igomba kwirindwa bishoboka. Niba bidashobora kwirindwa, koresha vias mumirongo yombi kugirango wishyure gutinda kubimenyetso no kugaruka.

6. Umugozi wo gukingira no gukingira umubiri

Intsinga zitwara imiyoboro ya digitale hamwe ningaruka zingana bizabyara ubushobozi bwa parasitike na inductance, bitera ibibazo byinshi bijyanye na EMC. Niba insinga ihindagurika ikoreshwa, urwego rwo guhuza ruzaguma hasi kandi amashanyarazi yakozwe azakurwaho. Kubimenyetso byinshyi nyinshi, umugozi ukingiwe ugomba gukoreshwa, kandi imbere ninyuma yumugozi ugomba guhagarara kugirango ukureho EMI.

Gukingira umubiri ni ugupfunyika byose cyangwa igice cya sisitemu hamwe nicyuma kugirango wirinde EMI kwinjira mumuzunguruko wa PCB. Ubu bwoko bwo gukingira ni nkibikoresho bifunze bifata ibintu, bigabanya ingano ya antenne kandi ikurura EMI.