1 - Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosakanizidwa
Lamulo lalikulu ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira zosakanikirana ndikuzichepetsa kuzinthu zinazake. Mwachitsanzo, phindu loyika gawo limodzi lodutsa m'bowo (PTH) silingalipidwe konse ndi mtengo wowonjezera ndi nthawi yofunikira pakuphatikiza. M'malo mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo za PTH kapena kuzichotsa pamapangidwe ndikoyenera komanso kothandiza kwambiri. Ngati teknoloji ya PTH ikufunika, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyika chigawo chonsecho mbali imodzi ya dera losindikizidwa, motero kuchepetsa nthawi yofunikira kusonkhana.

2 - Kukula kwa gawo
Pa PCB kapangidwe siteji, nkofunika kusankha olondola phukusi kukula kwa chigawo chilichonse. Kawirikawiri, muyenera kusankha phukusi laling'ono ngati muli ndi chifukwa chomveka; apo ayi, pitani ku phukusi lalikulu. Ndipotu, opanga zamagetsi nthawi zambiri amasankha zigawo zomwe zimakhala ndi mapepala ang'onoang'ono osafunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto omwe angakhalepo panthawi ya msonkhano komanso kusintha kwa dera komwe kungatheke. Kutengera kukula kwa zosintha zomwe zimafunikira, nthawi zina zingakhale bwino kusonkhanitsanso gulu lonselo m'malo mochotsa ndi kugulitsa zida zofunika.

3 - Malo omwe ali ndi gawo
Chigawo cha phazi ndi mbali ina yofunika kwambiri yosonkhanitsa. Choncho, okonza PCB ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense phukusi analengedwa molondola malinga ndi dongosolo dziko otchulidwa aliyense Integrated chigawo deta pepala. Vuto lalikulu lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi mapazi olakwika ndizochitika zomwe zimatchedwa "tombstone effect", yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Manhattan effect kapena alligator effect. Vutoli limachitika pamene gawo lophatikizika limalandira kutentha kosagwirizana panthawi ya soldering, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gawo lophatikizika limamatire ku PCB mbali imodzi yokha m'malo mwa onse awiri. Chochitika cha tombstone chimakhudza makamaka zigawo za SMD monga resistors, capacitors, ndi inductors. Chifukwa cha zochitika zake ndi kutentha kosiyana. Zifukwa zake ndi izi:

Land chitsanzo miyeso kugwirizana ndi chigawo olakwika matalikidwe osiyana a njanji olumikizidwa kwa ziyangoyango awiri a chigawo Chotambala kwambiri njanji m'lifupi, kuchita ngati kutentha lakuya.

4 - Mipata pakati pa zigawo
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za kulephera kwa PCB ndi malo osakwanira pakati pa zigawo zomwe zimatsogolera kutenthedwa. Danga ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri, makamaka pankhani ya mabwalo ovuta kwambiri omwe amayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri. Kuyika chigawo chimodzi pafupi kwambiri ndi zigawo zina kungapangitse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavuto, kuopsa kwake komwe kungafunike kusintha kwa mapangidwe a PCB kapena kupanga, kuwononga nthawi ndi kuonjezera ndalama.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira ndi kuyesa, onetsetsani kuti gawo lililonse lili kutali kwambiri ndi zida zamakina, m'mphepete mwa board board, ndi zina zonse. Zida zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri kapena zozungulira molakwika ndizomwe zimayambitsa mavuto panthawi ya soldering. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chigawo chapamwamba chitsogolere gawo laling'ono lalitali panjira yotsatiridwa ndi mafunde, izi zitha kupanga "mthunzi" womwe umafooketsa weld. Mabwalo ophatikizika ozungulira perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake adzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana.

5 - Mndandanda wazinthu zasinthidwa
Bili ya magawo (BOM) ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamapangidwe a PCB ndi magawo a msonkhano. M'malo mwake, ngati BOM ili ndi zolakwika kapena zolakwika, wopanga akhoza kuyimitsa gawo la msonkhano mpaka izi zitathetsedwa. Njira imodzi yowonetsetsera kuti BOM nthawi zonse imakhala yolondola komanso yamakono ndikuwunika bwino BOM nthawi iliyonse yomwe mapangidwe a PCB akusinthidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chigawo chatsopano chinawonjezeredwa ku polojekiti yoyambirira, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti BOM ikusinthidwa komanso yosasinthasintha polowetsa nambala yolondola, kufotokozera, ndi mtengo.

6 - Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za datum
Fiducial points, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti fiducial marks, ndi mawonekedwe amkuwa ozungulira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zidziwitso pamakina osonkhanitsa ndi malo. Ma Fiducials amathandizira makinawa kuti azindikire komwe akulowera ndikusonkhanitsa moyenera zida zazing'ono zapamtunda monga Quad Flat Pack (QFP), Ball Grid Array (BGA) kapena Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN).

Ma Fiducials amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: zolembera zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zolembera zam'deralo. Zizindikiro zapadziko lonse lapansi zimayikidwa m'mphepete mwa PCB, kulola makina osankha ndi malo kuti azindikire momwe gululo likulowera mu ndege ya XY. Zizindikiro zakumaloko zomwe zimayikidwa pafupi ndi ngodya za magawo a SMD a square zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina oyika kuti akhazikitse bwino gawo la gawolo, potero amachepetsa zolakwika zapanthawi yolumikizana. Mfundo za Datum zimagwira ntchito yofunikira pamene polojekiti ili ndi zigawo zambiri zomwe zili pafupi. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa gulu la Arduino Uno lomwe lasonkhanitsidwa lomwe lili ndi mfundo ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi zowonetsedwa mofiira.