Ziribe kanthu mtundu wa bolodi wosindikizidwa wofunika kumangidwa kapena mtundu wa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, PCB iyenera kugwira ntchito bwino. Ndilo chinsinsi chakuchita kwa zinthu zambiri, ndipo kulephera kungayambitse mavuto aakulu.

Kuyang'ana PCB panthawi yopangira, kupanga, ndi kusonkhanitsa ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti malondawo akukwaniritsa miyezo yabwino komanso kuchita momwe amayembekezeredwa. Masiku ano, ma PCB ndi ovuta kwambiri. Ngakhale zovuta izi zimapereka mwayi kwazinthu zambiri zatsopano, zimabweretsanso chiopsezo chachikulu chakulephera. Ndi chitukuko cha PCB, kuyendera luso ndi luso ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti khalidwe lake akupita patsogolo kwambiri.

Sankhani umisiri wolondola wozindikira kudzera mumtundu wa PCB, masitepe apano pakupanga ndi zolakwika zomwe ziyenera kuyesedwa. Kupanga dongosolo loyang'anira ndi kuyesa koyenera ndikofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthu zamtengo wapatali.

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Chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kuyang'ana PCB?
Kuyang'anira ndi gawo lofunikira munjira zonse zopanga PCB. Itha kuzindikira zolakwika za PCB kuti ziwongolere ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.

Kuyang'ana kwa PCB kumatha kuwulula zolakwika zilizonse zomwe zingachitike panthawi yopanga kapena kusonkhana. Zingathandizenso kuwulula zolakwika zilizonse zomwe zingakhalepo. Kuyang'ana PCB pambuyo siteji iliyonse ya ndondomeko akhoza kupeza zolakwika asanalowe gawo lotsatira, motero kupewa kuwononga nthawi ndi ndalama kugula zinthu zosalongosoka. Zingathandizenso kupeza zolakwika za nthawi imodzi zomwe zimakhudza PCB imodzi kapena zingapo. Njirayi imathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti kugwirizana kwapamwamba pakati pa bolodi la dera ndi mankhwala omaliza.

Popanda njira zowunikira za PCB, ma board ozungulira omwe alibe chilema atha kuperekedwa kwa makasitomala. Ngati kasitomala alandira chinthu cholakwika, wopanga akhoza kutayika chifukwa cha malipiro a chitsimikizo kapena kubwerera. Makasitomala nawonso adzasiya kudalira kampaniyo, potero kuwononga mbiri yakampani. Makasitomala akasamutsa bizinesi yawo kupita kumalo ena, izi zitha kupangitsa kuphonya mwayi.

Zikafika poipa kwambiri, ngati PCB yolakwika ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu monga zida zamankhwala kapena zida zamagalimoto, imatha kuvulaza kapena kufa. Mavuto oterowo angapangitse kuti mbiriyo iwonongeke kwambiri ndiponso kuti pamilandu yokwera mtengo.

Kuwunika kwa PCB kungathandizenso kukonza njira yonse yopangira PCB. Ngati cholakwika chikapezeka pafupipafupi, njira zitha kuchitidwa pokonza cholakwikacho.

Njira yoyendera msonkhano wadera yosindikizidwa
Kodi kuyendera kwa PCB ndi chiyani? Kuonetsetsa kuti PCB akhoza kugwira ntchito monga kuyembekezera, wopanga ayenera kutsimikizira kuti zigawo zonse zasonkhanitsidwa molondola. Izi zimatheka kudzera munjira zingapo, kuyambira pakuwunika kosavuta pamanja mpaka kuyesa paotopa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zowunikira za PCB.

Kuyang'ana pamanja ndi poyambira bwino. Kwa ma PCB osavuta, mungafunike iwo okha.
Kuyang'ana pamanja:
Njira yosavuta yowunikira PCB ndikuyang'ana pamanja (MVI). Kuti achite mayeso otere, ogwira ntchito amatha kuwona bolodi ndi maso amaliseche kapena kukulitsa. Adzafanizira bolodi ndi chikalata chojambula kuti atsimikizire kuti zonse zakwaniritsidwa. Adzayang'ananso zikhalidwe zofananira. Mtundu wa chilema chomwe amayang'ana chimadalira mtundu wa bolodi la dera ndi zigawo zake.

Ndi zothandiza kuchita MVI pambuyo pafupifupi sitepe iliyonse ya ndondomeko PCB kupanga (kuphatikizapo msonkhano).

Woyang'anira amayang'ana pafupifupi mbali zonse za bolodi loyang'anira dera ndipo amayang'ana zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pagawo lililonse. Mndandanda wowunika wa PCB wowoneka bwino ungaphatikizepo izi:
Onetsetsani kuti makulidwe a bolodi la dera ndi olondola, ndipo yang'anani kuuma kwa pamwamba ndi warpage.
Yang'anani ngati kukula kwa chigawocho kukugwirizana ndi zofunikira, ndipo samalani kwambiri ndi kukula kokhudzana ndi cholumikizira magetsi.
Yang'anani kukhulupirika ndi kumveka kwa chitsanzo cha conductive, ndipo yang'anani milatho ya solder, mabwalo otseguka, ma burrs ndi voids.
Yang'anani mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndikuyang'ana madontho, madontho, mikwingwirima, ma pinholes ndi zolakwika zina pamapadi osindikizidwa.
Onetsetsani kuti mabowo onse ali pamalo oyenera. Onetsetsani kuti palibe zosiyidwa kapena mabowo osayenera, kukula kwake kumagwirizana ndi mapangidwe, ndipo palibe mipata kapena mfundo.
Yang'anani kulimba, kukhwimitsa ndi kuwala kwa backing plate, ndikuwona ngati pali zolakwika.
Unikani makulidwe abwino. Yang'anani mtundu wa plating flux, ndipo ngati ili yofanana, yolimba komanso yolondola.

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina yoyendera, MVI ili ndi zabwino zingapo. Chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, ndizotsika mtengo. Kupatula kukulitsa kotheka, palibe zida zapadera zomwe zimafunikira. Macheke awa amathanso kuchitidwa mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo amatha kuwonjezedwa mosavuta kumapeto kwa njira iliyonse.

Kuti achite kuyendera koteroko, chofunika chokha ndicho kupeza antchito aluso. Ngati muli ndi luso lofunikira, njirayi ingakhale yothandiza. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti ogwira ntchito azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apangidwe ndikudziwa zolakwika zomwe ziyenera kuzindikirika.

Ntchito ya cheke njira imeneyi ndi yochepa. Sizingayang'ane zigawo zomwe sizili mu mawonekedwe a wogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ma solder obisika sangathe kufufuzidwa motere. Ogwira ntchito akhoza kuphonyanso zolakwika zina, makamaka zazing'ono. Kugwiritsira ntchito njirayi poyang'ana matabwa ozungulira ovuta omwe ali ndi zigawo zing'onozing'ono zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.

Kuyang'ana kodzichitira tokha:
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina oyendera a PCB kuti muyang'ane. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa automated optical inspection (AOI).

Makina a AOI amagwiritsa ntchito magwero owunikira angapo ndi kamera imodzi kapena zingapo zoyima kapena kamera kuti awonedwe. Gwero lowala limawunikira bolodi la PCB kuchokera kumakona onse. Kamerayo imatenga chithunzi chokhazikika kapena kanema wa bolodi loyang'anira dera ndikulipanga kuti apange chithunzi chonse cha chipangizocho. Dongosololi limafanizira zithunzi zake zojambulidwa ndi chidziwitso chokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a bolodi kuchokera pamapangidwe ake kapena mayunitsi athunthu ovomerezeka.

Zida zonse za 2D ndi 3D AOI zilipo. Makina a 2D AOI amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi achikuda ndi makamera am'mbali kuchokera kumakona angapo kuti ayang'ane zigawo zomwe kutalika kwake kwakhudzidwa. Zida za 3D AOI ndi zatsopano ndipo zimatha kuyeza kutalika kwa zigawo zake mwachangu komanso molondola.

AOI imatha kupeza zolakwika zambiri monga MVI, kuphatikiza ma nodule, zokanda, mabwalo otseguka, kupatulira kwa solder, zida zomwe zikusowa, ndi zina.

AOI ndiukadaulo wokhwima komanso wolondola womwe umatha kuzindikira zolakwika zambiri mu ma PCB. Ndizothandiza kwambiri pamagawo ambiri akupanga kwa PCB. Ilinso mwachangu kuposa MVI ndikuchotsa kuthekera kwa zolakwika zamunthu. Monga MVI, sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'ana zigawo zomwe sizikuwoneka, monga kugwirizana kobisika pansi pamagulu a gululi (BGA) ndi mitundu ina ya ma CD. Izi sizingakhale zothandiza kwa ma PCB okhala ndi chigawo chachikulu, chifukwa zina mwazinthuzo zitha kubisika kapena kubisika.
Muyeso woyeserera wa laser wokha:
Njira ina yoyendera PCB ndiyo kuyezetsa kwa laser (ALT). Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ALT kuyeza kukula kwa ma solder olowa ndi ma depositi ophatikizana solder ndi chiwonetsero chazigawo zosiyanasiyana.

Dongosolo la ALT limagwiritsa ntchito laser kusanthula ndi kuyeza zigawo za PCB. Pamene kuwala kumawonekera kuchokera ku zigawo za bolodi, dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito malo a kuwala kuti adziwe kutalika kwake. Imayesanso kukula kwa mtengo womwe ukuwonetseredwa kuti muwone momwe gawolo likuwonekera. Dongosololi limatha kufananiza miyeso iyi ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe, kapena ndi matabwa ozungulira omwe avomerezedwa kuti azindikire zolakwika zilizonse.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka ALT ndikoyenera kudziwa kuchuluka ndi komwe kuli ma depositi a solder. Iwo amapereka zokhudza mayikidwe, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, ukhondo ndi zina katundu solder phala kusindikiza. Njira ya ALT imapereka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane ndipo imatha kuyeza mwachangu kwambiri. Miyezo yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imakhala yolondola koma imatha kusokonezedwa kapena kutetezedwa.

Kuwunika kwa X-ray:
Ndi kukwera kwaukadaulo wokwera pamwamba, ma PCB akhala ovuta kwambiri. Tsopano, matabwa dera ndi apamwamba kachulukidwe, zigawo zikuluzikulu zing'onozing'ono, ndi monga chip phukusi monga BGA ndi Chip sikelo ma CD (CSP), kudzera amene zobisika solder kugwirizana sizingaoneke. Ntchitozi zimabweretsa zovuta pakuwunika kowoneka ngati MVI ndi AOI.

Pofuna kuthana ndi zovutazi, zida zowunikira ma X-ray zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthuzo zimayamwa ma X-ray malinga ndi kulemera kwake kwa atomiki. Zinthu zolemera zimatenga zambiri ndipo zopepuka zimayamwa pang'ono, zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsa zinthu. Solder imapangidwa ndi zinthu zolemera monga malata, siliva, ndi lead, pomwe zida zina zambiri pa PCB zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zopepuka monga aluminiyamu, mkuwa, kaboni, ndi silicon. Zotsatira zake, solder imakhala yosavuta kuwona pakuwunika kwa X-ray, pomwe pafupifupi zigawo zina zonse (kuphatikiza magawo, ma lead, ndi ma silicon ophatikizika) siziwoneka.

Ma X-ray samawoneka ngati kuwala, koma amadutsa mu chinthu kuti apange chithunzi cha chinthucho. Ndondomekoyi imapangitsa kuti muwone kupyolera mu phukusi la chip ndi zigawo zina kuti muwone kugwirizana kwa solder pansi pawo. Kuyang'ana kwa X-ray kumatha kuwonanso mkati mwa zolumikizira zogulitsira kuti mupeze thovu lomwe silingawoneke ndi AOI.

Dongosolo la X-ray limatha kuwonanso chidendene cha cholumikizira cha solder. Panthawi ya AOI, cholumikizira cha solder chidzaphimbidwa ndi lead. Kuphatikiza apo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana kwa X-ray, palibe mithunzi yomwe imalowa. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'ana kwa X-ray kumagwira ntchito bwino pama board ozungulira okhala ndi zigawo zowirira. Zipangizo zowunikira ma X-ray zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powunika pamanja pa X-ray, kapena makina odziyimira pawokha a X-ray atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira ma X-ray (AXI).

Kuwunika kwa X-ray ndikwabwino kusankha ma board ozungulira ovuta kwambiri, ndipo kumakhala ndi ntchito zina zomwe njira zina zoyendera zilibe, monga kuthekera kolowera mapaketi a chip. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino kuyang'ana ma PCB odzaza kwambiri, ndipo imatha kuwunikanso mwatsatanetsatane pamalumikizidwe a solder. Tekinolojeyi ndiyatsopano pang'ono, yovuta, komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pokhapokha mukakhala ndi matabwa ambiri wandiweyani ndi BGA, CSP ndi mapaketi ena otero, muyenera kuyika zida zoyendera ma X-ray.