01
Basic malamulo kamangidwe chigawo
1. Malingana ndi ma modules ozungulira, kupanga masanjidwe ndi maulendo okhudzana nawo omwe amakwaniritsa ntchito yomweyo amatchedwa module.Zomwe zili mu gawo la dera ziyenera kutengera mfundo ya ndende yapafupi, ndipo dera la digito ndi dera la analogi liyenera kupatulidwa;
2. Palibe zigawo kapena zida zomwe zidzakwezedwa mkati mwa 1.27mm za mabowo osakwera monga mabowo oyika, mabowo okhazikika, ndi 3.5mm (kwa M2.5) ndi 4mm (kwa M3) kwa 3.5mm (kwa M2.5) ndi 4mm (kwa M3) sidzaloledwa kukwera zigawo;
3. Pewani kuyika kudzera m'mabowo pansi pa resistors yopingasa wokwera, inductors (mapulagi-ins), capacitors electrolytic ndi zigawo zina kupewa yochepa-circuiting vias ndi chigawo chipolopolo pambuyo soldering yoweyula;
4. Mtunda pakati pa kunja kwa chigawocho ndi m'mphepete mwa bolodi ndi 5mm;
5. Mtunda pakati pa kunja kwa chigawo chokwera ndi kunja kwa gawo loyandikana nalo ndi lalikulu kuposa 2mm;
6. Zigawo za zipolopolo zazitsulo ndi zitsulo (mabokosi otetezera, etc.) sayenera kukhudza zigawo zina, ndipo sayenera kukhala pafupi ndi mizere yosindikizidwa ndi mapepala.Mtunda pakati pawo uyenera kukhala wamkulu kuposa 2mm.Kukula kwa dzenje loyikapo, dzenje loyikapo zomangira, dzenje lowulungika ndi mabowo ena apatali pa bolodi kuchokera kunja kwa m'mphepete mwa bolodi ndizokulirapo kuposa 3mm;
7. Zinthu zowotcha siziyenera kukhala pafupi ndi mawaya ndi zinthu zomwe sizimatenthetsa kutentha;zinthu zotentha kwambiri ziyenera kugawidwa mofanana;
8. Soketi yamagetsi iyenera kukonzedwa mozungulira bolodi losindikizidwa momwe mungathere, ndipo socket yamagetsi ndi mabasi oyendetsa mabasi ogwirizanitsidwa nawo ayenera kukonzedwa kumbali yomweyo.Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa osati kukonza zitsulo zamphamvu ndi zolumikizira zina zowotcherera pakati pa zolumikizira kuti zithandizire kuwotcherera zitsulo izi ndi zolumikizira, komanso kupanga ndi kumangirira zingwe zamagetsi.Makhazikitsidwe a masiketi amagetsi ndi zolumikizira zowotcherera ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zithandizire kulumikiza ndi kutulutsa mapulagi amagetsi;
9. Kukonzekera kwa zigawo zina:
Zigawo zonse za IC zimagwirizana kumbali imodzi, ndipo polarity ya zigawo za polar imadziwika bwino.Polarity ya bolodi losindikizidwa lomwelo silingadziwike m'njira zopitilira ziwiri.Pamene mayendedwe awiri akuwonekera, mbali ziwirizo zimakhala zogwirizana;
10. Mawaya pamwamba pa bolodi ayenera kukhala wandiweyani komanso wandiweyani.Pamene kusiyana kwa kachulukidwe kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kuyenera kudzazidwa ndi zojambula zamkuwa zamkuwa, ndipo gululi liyenera kukhala lalikulu kuposa 8mil (kapena 0.2mm);
11. Sipayenera kukhala ndi mabowo pa mapepala a SMD kuti apewe kutaya kwa solder phala ndi kuyambitsa zabodza zowonongeka kwa zigawozo.Mizere yofunikira yolumikizira sikuloledwa kudutsa pakati pa zikhomo zazitsulo;
12. Chigambacho chimagwirizana kumbali imodzi, chiwongolero cha khalidwe ndi chofanana, ndipo ndondomeko yoyikamo ndi yofanana;
13. Momwe kungathekere, zida za polarized ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi njira yolembera polarity pa bolodi lomwelo.

Malamulo opangira ma waya

1. Jambulani malo opangira mawaya mkati mwa 1mm kuchokera pamphepete mwa bolodi la PCB ndi mkati mwa 1mm kuzungulira dzenje lokwera, mawaya amaletsedwa;
2. Chingwe chamagetsi chiyenera kukhala chachikulu momwe chingathere ndipo sichiyenera kuchepera 18mil;m'lifupi la mzere wa chizindikiro sikuyenera kuchepera 12mil;zolowetsa za CPU ndi zotulutsa siziyenera kuchepera 10mil (kapena 8mil);kutalika kwa mizere sikuyenera kuchepera 10mil;
3. Yachibadwa kudzera si osachepera 30mil;
4. Pawiri mu-line: 60mil pad, 40mil pobowo;
1/4W kukana: 51 * 55mil (0805 pamwamba phiri);mukakhala pamzere, pad ndi 62mil ndipo pobowo ndi 42mil;
Mphamvu zopanda malire: 51 * 55mil (0805 pamwamba phiri);pamene ali pamzere, pad ndi 50mil, ndi kabowo ndi 28mil;
5. Zindikirani kuti mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi uyenera kukhala wozungulira momwe zingathere, ndipo mzere wa chizindikiro suyenera kutsekedwa.

03
Momwe mungasinthire luso la anti-interference komanso kuyanjana kwamagetsi?
Momwe mungasinthire luso lothana ndi kusokoneza komanso kuyanjana kwamagetsi mukamapanga zinthu zamagetsi ndi mapurosesa?

1. Makina otsatirawa akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kusokoneza kwa anti-electromagnetic:
(1) Dongosolo lomwe ma frequency a microcontroller wotchi amakhala okwera kwambiri ndipo mayendedwe a basi ndi othamanga kwambiri.
(2) Dongosololi lili ndi mabwalo amphamvu kwambiri, apamwamba-panopa, monga ma relay otulutsa spark, masiwichi apamwamba, ndi zina zambiri.
(3) Dongosolo lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe ofooka amtundu wa analogi komanso mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri a A/D.

2. Chitani izi kuti muwonjezere kusokoneza kwa anti-electromagnetic system:
(1) Sankhani microcontroller yokhala ndi ma frequency otsika:
Kusankha microcontroller yokhala ndi mawotchi otsika akunja kumatha kuchepetsa phokoso ndikuwongolera luso loletsa kusokoneza.Kwa mafunde a sikweya ndi mafunde a sine a ma frequency omwewo, zigawo zazikulu za ma frequency a square wave ndizochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zili mu sine wave.Ngakhale matalikidwe a chigawo chapamwamba cha mafunde a square wave ndi ocheperako kuposa mafunde oyambira, akukwera pafupipafupi, ndikosavuta kutulutsa ngati gwero laphokoso.Phokoso lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe limapangidwa ndi microcontroller ndi pafupifupi 3 kuwirikiza koloko.

(2) Chepetsani kupotoza potumiza chizindikiro
Ma Microcontrollers amapangidwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wothamanga kwambiri wa CMOS.Kuyika kwaposachedwa kwa malo olowera siginecha ndi pafupifupi 1mA, mphamvu yolowera ndi pafupifupi 10PF, ndipo kulowetsedwa kolowera ndikokwera kwambiri.Malo otulutsa amtundu wothamanga kwambiri wa CMOS ali ndi katundu wochulukirapo, ndiye kuti, mtengo wotuluka.Waya wautali umatsogolera kumalo olowera omwe ali ndi vuto lolowera kwambiri, vuto lowonetsera ndi lalikulu kwambiri, limayambitsa kusokoneza kwa ma sign ndikuwonjezera phokoso ladongosolo.Pamene Tpd>Tr, imakhala vuto la mzere wopatsirana, ndipo mavuto monga kuwonetsera kwa siginecha ndi kufananitsa kwa impedance ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Nthawi yochedwa ya chizindikiro pa bolodi losindikizidwa ikugwirizana ndi khalidwe la impedance ya kutsogolera, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dielectric yosasinthasintha ya zinthu zosindikizidwa za bolodi.Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti kuthamanga kwa chizindikiro pa bolodi losindikizidwa ndi pafupifupi 1/3 mpaka 1/2 ya liwiro la kuwala.Tr (nthawi yochedwa yokhazikika) yazigawo za foni zomveka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina opangidwa ndi microcontroller ili pakati pa 3 ndi 18 ns.

Pa bolodi losindikizidwa, chizindikirocho chimadutsa pa 7W resistor ndi 25cm-utali wotsogolera, ndipo nthawi yochedwa pamzere imakhala pakati pa 4 ~ 20ns.Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kufupikitsa chizindikiro chotsogolera pa dera losindikizidwa, ndibwino, komanso kutalika kwambiri sikuyenera kupitirira 25cm.Ndipo chiwerengero cha vias ayenera kukhala ang'onoang'ono ngati n'kotheka, makamaka zosaposa awiri.
Pamene nthawi yowuka ya siginecha ili mwachangu kuposa nthawi yochedwetsa chizindikiro, iyenera kukonzedwa motsatira zamagetsi zamagetsi.Panthawiyi, kufananiza kwa mzere wopatsirana kuyenera kuganiziridwa.Pakutumiza chizindikiro pakati pa midadada yophatikizika pa bolodi losindikizidwa, Td> Trd iyenera kupewedwa.The lalikulu kusindikizidwa dera bolodi, mofulumira dongosolo liwiro sangakhale.
Gwiritsani ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi kuti mufotokoze mwachidule lamulo la kamangidwe ka bolodi losindikizidwa:
Chizindikirocho chimatumizidwa pa bolodi yosindikizidwa, ndipo nthawi yake yochedwetsa siyenera kukhala yayikulu kuposa nthawi yochedwa yachidziwitso chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

(3) Chepetsani kusokoneza kwa mtanda * pakati pa mizere yolumikizira:
Chizindikiro cha masitepe okhala ndi nthawi yokwera ya Tr pa point A imatumizidwa ku terminal B kudzera pa lead AB.Nthawi yochedwa ya chizindikiro pa mzere wa AB ndi Td.Pamalo a D, chifukwa cha kupititsa patsogolo kwa chizindikiro kuchokera kumalo A, kuwonetserako chizindikiro pambuyo pofika pa B ndi kuchedwa kwa mzere wa AB, chizindikiro cha pulse cha tsamba ndi m'lifupi mwa Tr chidzapangitsidwa pambuyo pa nthawi ya Td.Pamalo a C, chifukwa cha kufalitsa ndi kuwonetsetsa kwa chizindikiro pa AB, chizindikiro chabwino cha pulse ndi m'lifupi mwake kawiri nthawi yochedwa ya chizindikiro pa mzere wa AB, ndiko kuti, 2Td, imayambitsidwa.Uku ndiko kusokoneza pakati pa zizindikiro.Kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro chosokoneza kumagwirizana ndi di/at ya chizindikiro pamalo C ndi mtunda pakati pa mizere.Pamene mizere iwiri yazizindikiro siyitali kwambiri, zomwe mukuwona pa AB kwenikweni ndizokwera kwambiri kwa ma pulses awiri.

Kuwongolera kwakung'ono kopangidwa ndi ukadaulo wa CMOS kumakhala ndi kulowetsedwa kwakukulu, phokoso lalikulu, komanso kulolerana kwaphokoso.Dera la digito limapangidwa ndi phokoso la 100 ~ 200mv ndipo silikhudza ntchito yake.Ngati mzere wa AB pachithunzichi ndi chizindikiro cha analogi, kusokoneza uku kumakhala kosalekeza.Mwachitsanzo, bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa ndi bolodi la zigawo zinayi, imodzi yomwe ili pamtunda waukulu, kapena bolodi lokhala ndi mbali ziwiri, ndipo pamene mbali yakumbuyo ya mzere wa chizindikiro ndi malo akuluakulu, mtanda * kusokoneza pakati pa zizindikiro zoterezi kudzachepetsedwa.Chifukwa chake ndikuti dera lalikulu la nthaka limachepetsa kutsekeka kwa mzere wa siginecha, ndipo chiwonetsero cha chizindikiro kumapeto kwa D chimachepetsedwa kwambiri.Kusokoneza kwa chikhalidwe kumayenderana mosagwirizana ndi sikweya ya dielectric yosasinthasintha ya sing'anga kuchokera pamzere wamawu mpaka pansi, komanso molingana ndi logarithm yachilengedwe ya makulidwe a sing'anga.Ngati mzere wa AB ndi chizindikiro cha analogi, kuti mupewe kusokoneza kwa mzere wa digito wa CD kupita ku AB, payenera kukhala malo akuluakulu pansi pa mzere wa AB, ndipo mtunda pakati pa mzere wa AB ndi CD mzere uyenera kukhala waukulu kuposa 2. mpaka katatu mtunda pakati pa mzere wa AB ndi pansi.Ikhoza kutetezedwa pang'ono, ndipo mawaya apansi amaikidwa kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa kutsogolera kumbali ndi kutsogolera.

(4) Chepetsani phokoso la magetsi
Ngakhale kuti magetsi amapereka mphamvu ku dongosolo, amawonjezeranso phokoso lake pamagetsi.Mzere wobwezeretsanso, kusokoneza mzere, ndi mizere ina yolamulira ya microcontroller muderali ndizovuta kwambiri kusokonezedwa ndi phokoso lakunja.Kusokoneza kwamphamvu pa gridi yamagetsi kumalowetsa dera kudzera mumagetsi.Ngakhale mu dongosolo la batri, batire palokha imakhala ndi phokoso lapamwamba.Chizindikiro cha analogi mu dera la analogi sichingathe kupirira kusokonezedwa ndi magetsi.

(5) Samalani ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a mawaya osindikizidwa ndi zigawo zake
Pankhani ya maulendo apamwamba, kutsogolera, vias, resistors, capacitors, ndi inductance yogawidwa ndi capacitance ya zolumikizira pa bolodi losindikizidwa silinganyalanyazidwe.Kugawidwa kwa inductance kwa capacitor sikungathe kunyalanyazidwa, ndipo mphamvu yogawidwa ya inductor singakhoze kunyalanyazidwa.Kukaniza kumapanga chiwonetsero cha chizindikiro chapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yogawidwa ya kutsogolera idzagwira ntchito.Kutalika kwake kukakhala kokulirapo kuposa 1/20 ya kutalika kofananira kwa ma frequency aphokoso, mphamvu ya mlongoti imapangidwa, ndipo phokoso limatuluka kudzera mu lead.

Mabowo a board osindikizidwa amachititsa pafupifupi 0.6 pf of capacitance.
Zida zoyikapo za dera lophatikizika palokha zimabweretsa 2 ~ 6pf capacitors.
Cholumikizira pa bolodi lozungulira chili ndi inductance yogawidwa ya 520nH.Mzere wapawiri-mu-line 24-pin Integrated circuit skewer imayambitsa 4 ~ 18nH yogawidwa yogawidwa.
Magawo ang'onoang'ono ogawa awa ndi osasamala pamzerewu wa machitidwe otsika kwambiri a microcontroller;chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku machitidwe othamanga kwambiri.

(6) Mapangidwe a zigawo ayenera kugawidwa momveka
Malo a zigawo pa bolodi losindikizidwa ayenera kuganizira mozama vuto la kusokoneza kwa anti-electromagnetic.Imodzi mwa mfundo zake ndi yakuti zotsogolera pakati pa zigawozo ziyenera kukhala zazifupi momwe zingathere.Pamakonzedwe, gawo la siginecha ya analogi, gawo lothamanga kwambiri la digito, ndi gawo loyambira phokoso (monga ma relay, masiwichi apamwamba, ndi zina zambiri) ziyenera kulekanitsidwa momveka kuti muchepetse kulumikizana kwa chizindikiro pakati pawo.

G Gwirani waya wapansi
Pa bolodi losindikizidwa, mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi ndizofunika kwambiri.Njira yofunika kwambiri yothanirana ndi kusokonezedwa kwa ma electromagnetic ndikuyika pansi.
Kwa mapanelo awiri, makonzedwe a waya wapansi ndiwo makamaka.Kupyolera mukugwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi, magetsi ndi nthaka zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi bolodi losindikizidwa losindikizidwa kuchokera kumalekezero onse a magetsi.Mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala ndi cholumikizira chimodzi ndipo pansi pali cholumikizira chimodzi.Pa bolodi la dera losindikizidwa, payenera kukhala mawaya angapo obwerera pansi, omwe adzasonkhanitsidwa pa malo okhudzana ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti single-point grounding.Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti analogi, nthaka ya digito, ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri zogawanika zimatanthawuza kulekanitsa kwa mawaya, ndipo pamapeto pake zonse zimasinthira ku malo oyambira awa.Mukalumikizana ndi ma siginecha ena kupatula matabwa ozungulira osindikizidwa, zingwe zotetezedwa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Kwa ma frequency apamwamba komanso ma siginecha a digito, mbali zonse ziwiri za chingwe chotetezedwa zimakhazikika.Mbali imodzi ya chingwe chotetezedwa cha ma analogi otsika kwambiri iyenera kukhazikika.
Madera omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi phokoso ndi kusokoneza kapena maulendo omwe ali ndi phokoso lapamwamba kwambiri ayenera kutetezedwa ndi chivundikiro chachitsulo.

(7) Gwiritsani ntchito ma decoupling capacitors bwino.
Ma capacitor okwera kwambiri amatha kuchotsa zigawo zothamanga kwambiri mpaka 1GHZ.Ceramic chip capacitor kapena multilayer ceramic capacitor ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri.Popanga bolodi losindikizidwa, decoupling capacitor iyenera kuwonjezeredwa pakati pa mphamvu ndi nthaka ya dera lililonse lophatikizidwa.Decoupling capacitor ili ndi ntchito ziwiri: kumbali imodzi, ndi mphamvu yosungirako mphamvu ya dera lophatikizika, lomwe limapereka ndi kuyamwa mphamvu zowonjezera ndi kutulutsa mphamvu panthawi yotsegula ndi kutseka dera lophatikizidwa;kumbali ina, imadutsa phokoso lapamwamba la chipangizocho.The decoupling capacitor wa 0.1uf m'mabwalo a digito ali ndi inductance yogawidwa ya 5nH, ndipo ma frequency ake ofanana ndi pafupifupi 7MHz, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ili ndi zotsatira zabwinoko zaphokoso pansi pa 10MHz, ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwinoko zaphokoso kuposa 40MHz.Phokoso silikhala ndi zotsatirapo.

1uf, 10uf capacitors, mafupipafupi a resonance ali pamwamba pa 20MHz, zotsatira zochotsa phokoso lapamwamba zimakhala bwino.Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopindulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito 1uf kapena 10uf de-high frequency capacitor pomwe mphamvu imalowa mu bolodi yosindikizidwa, ngakhale pamakina oyendetsedwa ndi batri.
Zidutswa 10 zilizonse za mabwalo ophatikizika amafunikira kuwonjezera mtengo ndi kutulutsa capacitor, kapena kutchedwa capacitor yosungirako, kukula kwa capacitor kumatha kukhala 10uf.Ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito electrolytic capacitors.Electrolytic capacitors amakulungidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za pu filimu.Dongosolo lopindidwali limagwira ntchito ngati inductance pama frequency apamwamba.Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito bile capacitor kapena polycarbonate capacitor.

Kusankhidwa kwa mtengo wa decoupling capacitor sikuli kovuta, kungathe kuwerengedwa molingana ndi C = 1 / f;ndiko kuti, 0.1uf kwa 10MHz, ndi dongosolo lopangidwa ndi microcontroller, likhoza kukhala pakati pa 0.1uf ndi 0.01uf.

3. Zochitika zina zochepetsera phokoso ndi kusokoneza kwa ma elekitiroma.
(1) Tchipisi zothamanga kwambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa tchipisi zothamanga kwambiri.Tchipisi zothamanga kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ofunikira.
(2) Wotsutsa amatha kulumikizidwa mndandanda kuti achepetse kuthamanga kwapamwamba ndi m'mphepete mwa gawo lowongolera.
(3) Yesani kupereka mtundu wina wa damping kwa ma relay, ndi zina.
(4) Gwiritsani ntchito wotchi yotsika kwambiri yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira zadongosolo.
(5) Jenereta ya wotchi ili pafupi kwambiri ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito wotchiyo.Chigoba cha quartz crystal oscillator chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
(6) Tsekani malo a wotchi ndi waya pansi ndipo waya wotchiyo ikhale yayifupi momwe mungathere.
(7) Dera la galimoto la I / O liyenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi m'mphepete mwa bolodi losindikizidwa, ndipo lilole kuti lichoke pa bolodi losindikizidwa mwamsanga.Chizindikiro cholowa pa bolodi losindikizidwa chiyenera kusefedwa, ndipo chizindikiro chochokera kumalo a phokoso lapamwamba chiyeneranso kusefedwa.Nthawi yomweyo, ma terminal resistors angapo amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse kuwunikira kwazizindikiro.
(8) Mapeto opanda pake a MCD ayenera kulumikizidwa kumtunda, kapena kukhazikika, kapena kufotokozedwa ngati mapeto otuluka.Mapeto a dera lophatikizika lomwe liyenera kulumikizidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi liyenera kulumikizidwa kwa iwo, ndipo lisasiyidwe likuyandama.
(9) Malo olowera pachipata omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito sayenera kusiyidwa akuyandama.Malo olowetsamo abwino a amplifier osagwiritsidwa ntchito akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo cholumikizira cholakwika chiyenera kulumikizidwa ndi chotulutsa.(10) Bolodi yosindikizidwa iyenera kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mizere 45 m'malo mwa mizere 90 kuti achepetse kutulutsa kwakunja ndi kugwirizana kwa zizindikiro zapamwamba.
(11) Mapulani osindikizidwa amagawidwa motsatira mafupipafupi ndi mawonekedwe a kusintha kwamakono, ndipo zigawo za phokoso ndi zopanda phokoso ziyenera kukhala kutali.
(12) Gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu ya mfundo imodzi ndi maziko amodzi pamagulu amodzi ndi awiri.Mzere wamagetsi ndi mzere wapansi uyenera kukhala wandiweyani momwe ungathere.Ngati chuma ndi chotsika mtengo, gwiritsani ntchito bolodi la multilayer kuti muchepetse capacitive inductance ya magetsi ndi nthaka.
(13) Sungani wotchi, basi, ndi chip sankhani ma sign kutali ndi mizere ya I/O ndi zolumikizira.
(14) Mzere wolowetsa voteji ya analogi ndi mawotchi owonetsera magetsi ayenera kukhala kutali kwambiri ndi mzere wa chizindikiro cha digito, makamaka wotchi.
(15) Pazida za A/D, gawo la digito ndi gawo la analogi zimakonda kukhala zolumikizana kuposa kuperekedwa *.
(16) Mzere wa wotchi wa perpendicular kwa mzere wa I / O uli ndi zosokoneza pang'ono kusiyana ndi mzere wa I / O wofanana, ndipo zikhomo za chigawo cha wotchi zili kutali ndi chingwe cha I / O.
(17) Zikhomo za chigawocho ziyenera kukhala zazifupi momwe zingathere, ndipo zikhomo zowonongeka ziyenera kukhala zazifupi momwe zingathere.
(18) Mzere wachinsinsi uyenera kukhala wokhuthala monga momwe kungathekere, ndipo malo otetezera ayenera kuwonjezeredwa mbali zonse.Mzere wothamanga kwambiri uyenera kukhala waufupi komanso wowongoka.
(19) Mizere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi phokoso sayenera kufanana ndi mizere yothamanga kwambiri, yothamanga kwambiri.
(20) Osayendetsa mawaya pansi pa kristalo wa quartz kapena pansi pazida zomwe sizimva phokoso.
(21) Pamazungulira ofooka, musapange malupu apano mozungulira ma frequency otsika.
(22) Osapanga chipilala cha chizindikiro chilichonse.Ngati sizingatheke, pangani malo ozungulira kuti akhale ochepa momwe mungathere.
(23) Decoupling capacitor pa dera lophatikizika.Kachilombo kakang'ono kapamwamba kwambiri kamene kamayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku electrolytic capacitor iliyonse.
(24) Gwiritsani ntchito ma tantalum capacitor akuluakulu kapena ma juku capacitor m'malo mwa ma electrolytic capacitors kuti mulipire ndikutulutsa ma capacitor osungira mphamvu.Mukamagwiritsa ntchito ma capacitors a tubular, mlanduwo uyenera kukhazikika.

04
PROTEL makiyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Tsamba Mmwamba Onetsani ndi mbewa ngati pakati
Tsamba Pansi Onetsani ndi mbewa ngati pakati.
Pakhomo Pakatikati pomwe mbewa yaloza
Mapeto kutsitsimula (jambulanso)
* Sinthani pakati pa zigawo zapamwamba ndi zapansi
+ (-) Sinthani wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza: “+” ndi “-” ali mbali ina
Q mm (millimeter) ndi mil (mil) unit switch
IM imayesa mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri
E x Sinthani X, X ndiye chandamale chokonzekera, code ili motere: (A)=arc;(C) = gawo;(F)=dzaza;(P) = chikwama;(N)=network;(S)=khalidwe ;(T) = waya;(V) = kudzera;(I) = chingwe cholumikizira;(G) = polygon yodzaza.Mwachitsanzo, mukafuna kusintha gawo, dinani EC, cholozera cha mbewa chidzawoneka "khumi", dinani kuti musinthe.
Zigawo zosinthidwa zitha kusinthidwa.
P x Malo X, X ndiye chandamale yoyika, code ndi yofanana ndi pamwambapa.
M x imasuntha X, X ndiyo cholinga chosuntha, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Mofanana ndi pamwambapa, ndi (I) = kusankha gawo;(O) Sinthani gawo losankhidwa;(M) = Sunthani gawo losankhidwa;(R) = Rewiring.
S x sankhani X, X ndi zomwe zasankhidwa, code ili motere: (I) = dera lamkati;(O)=malo akunja;(A) = onse;(L)=zonse pa wosanjikiza;(K)=gawo lokhoma;(N) = maukonde akuthupi;(C) = mzere wolumikizira thupi;(H) = pedi yokhala ndi pobowo yodziwika;(G) = pad kunja kwa gridi.Mwachitsanzo, mukafuna kusankha zonse, dinani SA, zithunzi zonse zimawunikira kuwonetsa kuti zasankhidwa, ndipo mutha kukopera, kuyeretsa, ndikusuntha mafayilo osankhidwa.