Kufunika kwa zida zogwira ntchito kwambiri zokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito akuchulukirachulukira m'gawo losinthika lamagetsi. Kufunika kwaukadaulo wosindikizidwa wa board board (PCB) kwadzetsa kupita patsogolo kochititsa chidwi, makamaka poyang'anira ntchito zama frequency apamwamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe amitundu ingapo a PCB kwakhala yankho lofunikira kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira za pulogalamuyi.

Kubwera kwa ma PCB amitundu yambiri

M'mbuyomu, ma board osindikizira ozungulira anali odziwika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo amodzi kapena awiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenera kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency apamwamba chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa ma siginecha komanso kusokoneza kwamagetsi (EMI). Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma board osindikizira okhala ndi mitundu ingapo kwadzetsa kupita patsogolo kowoneka bwino kwa kukhulupirika kwa ma signal, kuchepetsa ma electromagnetic interference (EMI), komanso magwiridwe antchito onse.
Mipikisano wosanjikiza osindikizidwa matabwa (PCBs) amasiyanitsidwa ndi anzawo amodzi kapena awiri wosanjikiza ndi kukhalapo kwa magawo atatu kapena kupitilira apo omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi insulating material, omwe amadziwika kuti dielectric layers. Kulumikizana kwa zigawozi kumayendetsedwa ndi vias, zomwe ndi njira zochepa zomwe zimathandizira kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo zosiyana. Mapangidwe ovuta a ma PCB amitundu ingapo amathandizira kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwazinthu zambiri komanso kuzungulira kwapang'onopang'ono, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofunikira paukadaulo wamakono.
Ma PCB a Multilayer nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusasunthika kwakukulu chifukwa chazovuta zomwe zimachitika kuti akwaniritse zigawo zingapo mkati mwa mawonekedwe a PCB osinthika. Kulumikizana kwamagetsi pakati pa zigawo kumakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya ma vias, kuphatikizapo akhungu ndi okwiriridwa.
Kukonzekera kumaphatikizapo kuyika zigawo ziwiri pamwamba kuti zikhazikitse mgwirizano pakati pa bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB) ndi chilengedwe chakunja. Nthawi zambiri, kachulukidwe ka zigawo m'mabokosi osindikizidwa (PCBs) ndi ofanana. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa manambala osamvetseka kuzinthu monga warping.
Chiwerengero cha zigawo nthawi zambiri chimasiyana malinga ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimagwera mkati mwa magawo anayi mpaka khumi ndi awiri.
Nthawi zambiri, ntchito zambiri zimafunikira magawo anayi komanso osachepera asanu ndi atatu. Mosiyana ndi izi, mapulogalamu monga mafoni am'manja nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zigawo khumi ndi ziwiri.

Ntchito zazikulu

Mipikisano wosanjikiza PCBs ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
●Consumer electronics, kumene ma PCB amitundu yambiri amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popereka mphamvu zofunikira ndi zizindikiro za zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mafoni a m'manja, mapiritsi, masewera a masewera, ndi zipangizo zovala. Zida zamagetsi zowoneka bwino komanso zosunthika zomwe timadalira tsiku lililonse zimatengera kapangidwe kake kophatikizika komanso kachulukidwe kazinthu zambiri.
● Pankhani ya matelefoni, kugwiritsa ntchito ma PCB amitundu ingapo kumathandizira kutumiza bwino kwamawu, deta, ndi ma siginecha amakanema pamanetiweki, potero zimatsimikizira kulumikizana kodalirika komanso kothandiza.
● Makina oyendetsera mafakitale amadalira kwambiri ma board osindikizira amitundu yambiri (PCBs) chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kuyendetsa bwino machitidwe owongolera, njira zowunikira, ndi njira zopangira makina. Makina owongolera makina, ma robotiki, ndi makina opanga mafakitale amadalira iwo ngati njira yawo yoyambira yothandizira
●Ma PCB amitundu yambiri ndi ofunikiranso pazida zamankhwala, chifukwa ndi ofunikira kuti atsimikizire zolondola, zodalirika, komanso zogwirizana. Zida zowunikira, njira zowunikira odwala, ndi zida zamankhwala zopulumutsa moyo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito yawo yofunika.

Ubwino ndi ubwino

Ma PCB amitundu ingapo amapereka maubwino ndi maubwino angapo pamapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikiza:
● Kupititsa patsogolo kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro: Ma PCB amitundu yambiri amathandizira kuwongolera njira zowongolera, kuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa ma siginecha ndikuwonetsetsa kutumizidwa kodalirika kwa ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri. Kusokonekera kwapansi kwa ma board osindikizira amitundu yambiri kumapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito aziyenda bwino, kuthamanga, komanso kudalirika.
● Kuchepetsa EMI: Pogwiritsa ntchito ndege zodzipatulira zapansi ndi mphamvu, ma PCB amitundu yambiri amapondereza EMI, motero amakulitsa kudalirika kwadongosolo ndikuchepetsa kusokoneza madera oyandikana nawo.
● Compact Design: Pokhala ndi mphamvu zokhala ndi zigawo zambiri ndi njira zovuta zoyendetsera njira, ma PCB amitundu yambiri amathandiza kupanga mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono, ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zopanda malo monga mafoni a m'manja ndi makina oyendetsa ndege.
● Kupititsa patsogolo Kutentha kwa Matenthedwe: Ma PCB amitundu yambiri amapereka kutentha kwabwino mwa kuphatikizika kwa ma vias otenthetsera ndi zigawo zamkuwa zomwe zimayikidwa mwaluso, kupititsa patsogolo kudalirika ndi moyo wa zida zamphamvu kwambiri.
● Kusinthasintha Kwapangidwe: Kusinthasintha kwa ma PCB amitundu yambiri kumapangitsa kuti kusinthasintha kwapangidwe kukhale kokulirapo, kupangitsa akatswiri opanga makina kuti azitha kuwongolera magawo ogwirira ntchito monga kufananiza kwa impedance, kuchedwa kufalikira kwa ma sign, ndi kugawa mphamvu.

Zoipa

Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi ma board osindikizira ambiri ndi mtengo wawo wokwera poyerekeza ndi ma PCB osanjikiza awiri komanso osanjikiza awiri pamagawo onse opanga. Mtengo wapamwamba umagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimafunikira kuti apange.
Kupangako kumakhalanso kovutirapo, chifukwa kupanga ma PCB amitundu yambiri kumafuna nthawi yayitali yopangira komanso njira zopangira mwaluso poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya PCB. Kuvuta Kwa Kupanga: Kupanga ma PCB okhala ndi zigawo zambiri kumafuna njira zopangira zida zamakono, kuphatikiza kulondola kwa magawo, njira zowongolera, ndi njira zowongolera zowongolera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zopangira komanso nthawi yayitali yotsogolera.
Ma PCB a Multilayer amafunikira kuti apangidwe bwino, motero, mainjiniya aluso amafunikira kuti apangidwe. Kupanga gulu lililonse kumafuna nthawi yochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yayitali pakati pa kuyitanitsa ndi kulandila kwa chinthucho, zomwe zingakhale zovuta nthawi zina.
Komabe, zodetsazi sizikulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa ma multilayer printed circuit board (PCBs). Ngakhale ma PCB ambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa ma PCB osanjikiza amodzi, amapereka zabwino zambiri poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe awa a bolodi yosindikizidwa.
Pamene zipangizo zamagetsi zikupitiriza kuchepa kukula ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, kuyendetsa bwino kwa kutentha kumakhala kofunika kwambiri mu ma PCB amitundu yambiri, zomwe zimafunikira njira zatsopano zochepetsera malo otentha ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikuyenda bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsimikizira magwiridwe antchito amitundu ingapo ya PCB kumafuna njira zoyesera zokulirapo, kuphatikiza kuyerekezera, kuyeserera, ndi kuyesa kutsata, kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikutsatira miyezo ndi zomwe makampani amafunikira.

Malangizo opangira Multilayer PCB

Mukapanga gulu losindikizira lamitundu yambiri (PCB) kuti mugwiritse ntchito pafupipafupi, malingaliro angapo othandiza nthawi zambiri amakhala othandiza.
Kuti muchepetse zovuta pamapangidwe a multilayer PCB, malo omwe amatsindika nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira. Popanga zigamulo zakusanjika kwa zigawo, ndikofunikira kuganizira zinthu monga magwiridwe antchito, kupanga, ndi kutumiza.
Yambani ndikukulitsa kukula kwa bolodi, chifukwa izi zidzakhudza zisankho zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ena. Posankha kukula koyenera kwa bolodi, ganizirani izi:
●Nambala ya zinthu zofunika kuziyika pa bolodi
●Kukula kwa zigawozi
●Kumene matabwa adzaikidwa
●Malipiro a ogwira nawo ntchito potengera malo, malo otsegula, ndi kuboola mabowo
Pamene chiwerengero cha zigawo zasankhidwa, kusankha vias, kaya akhungu, kudzera dzenje, kukwiriridwa kapena kudzera pa pad. Izi zimakhudza zovuta kupanga, chifukwa chake mtundu wa PCB.
Mu gawo la mapangidwe a multilayer PCB, mapulogalamu a PCB ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga mapangidwe. Zimathandiza okonza kupanga mapangidwe a PCB yolumikizana ndi makina ndi mawaya kuchokera pa netlist, ndikuyika dongosolo lolumikizana ili pamagulu ambiri ndikupanga mafayilo opangira makompyuta. CAD iyi ndiyofunikira popanga PCB. Pali zingapo PCB kapangidwe mapulogalamu options kuti mungagwiritse ntchito kupanga multilayer PCB wanu. Komabe, ena ochepa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuposa ena, makamaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo osavuta, pakati pa zifukwa zina.
DFM, yomwe cholinga chake ndikupanga magawo ndi zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kupanga, iyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Cholinga chake ndikupeza zinthu zabwino kwambiri pamtengo wotsika. Chifukwa chake, kumaphatikizapo kuwongolera, kukulitsa, ndi kukonza kapangidwe kazinthu. DFM iyenera kuchitidwa munthawi yake musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Ndikofunikira kuphatikiza onse okhudzidwa mu DFM. Kutengapo gawo kwa okhudzidwa angapo, kuphatikiza opanga, mainjiniya, opanga makontrakitala, ogulitsa zinthu, ndi omanga nkhungu ndikofunikira. Pochita izi, zovuta zomwe zingatheke ndi mapangidwewo zitha kuchepetsedwa.

Kupanga

Kupanga ma PCB amitundu ingapo kuti agwiritse ntchito pafupipafupi kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zofunika:
● Mapangidwe ndi Mapangidwe: Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera a PCB kupanga mapangidwe, poganizira zinthu monga kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, kayendetsedwe ka kutentha, ndi kuchepetsa EMI.
● Kusankha Zinthu: Zida zamtengo wapatali zokhala ndi dielectric otsika nthawi zonse ndi kutaya tangent zimasankhidwa kuti zichepetse kutayika kwa chizindikiro ndi kusunga machitidwe apamwamba.
● Mapulani a Layer Stackup: Zosanjikiza zosanjikiza zimakonzedwa bwino kuti ziwongolere kayendedwe ka ma siginecha, kufananitsa kwa ma impedance, ndi kutha kwa matenthedwe, poganizira zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa ma sigino, makulidwe a bolodi, ndi makulidwe amkuwa.
● Kupanga ndi Kusonkhanitsa: Njira zamakono zopangira zinthu monga kubowola laser, sequential lamination, ndi controlled impedance etching amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma PCB amitundu yambiri mwatsatanetsatane komanso odalirika.
● Kuyesa ndi Kutsimikizira Ubwino: Njira zoyesera zolimba, kuphatikizapo kusanthula kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, miyeso ya impedance, kujambula kwa kutentha, ndi kuyesa kwa EMI, zimachitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchito, kudalirika, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa ma PCB amitundu yambiri ndi miyezo ndi ndondomeko zamakampani.

Mapeto

Kusinthika kwa mapangidwe a PCB okhala ndi mitundu ingapo kwasintha kwambiri gawo lamagetsi othamanga kwambiri, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zida zamakono zizigwira bwino ntchito, zodalirika, komanso magwiridwe antchito. Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta mu kukhulupirika kwa chizindikiro, kupanga zovuta, ndi kayendetsedwe ka kutentha, ubwino wa ma PCB amitundu yambiri amaposa zovutazo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikizapo ma telecommunication, ndege, magalimoto, ndi zamagetsi zachipatala. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa zida, njira zopangira zinthu, ndi njira zopangira, ma PCB amitundu yambiri ali okonzeka kupitiliza kuyendetsa luso lamagetsi othamanga kwambiri kwazaka zikubwerazi.