In PCB design, why is the difference between analog circuit and digital circuit so big?

The number of digital designers and digital circuit board design experts in the engineering field is constantly increasing, which reflects the development trend of the industry. Although the emphasis on digital design has brought about major developments in electronic products, it still exists, and there will always be some circuit designs that interface with analog or real environments. Wiring strategies in the analog and digital fields have some similarities, but when you want to get better results, because of their different wiring strategies, simple circuit wiring design is no longer the optimal solution.

This article discusses the basic similarities and differences between analog and digital wiring in terms of bypass capacitors, power supplies, ground design, voltage errors, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by PCB wiring.

 

The number of digital designers and digital circuit board design experts in the engineering field is constantly increasing, which reflects the development trend of the industry. Although the emphasis on digital design has brought about major developments in electronic products, it still exists, and there will always be some circuit designs that interface with analog or real environments. Wiring strategies in the analog and digital fields have some similarities, but when you want to get better results, because of their different wiring strategies, simple circuit wiring design is no longer the optimal solution.

This article discusses the basic similarities and differences between analog and digital wiring in terms of bypass capacitors, power supplies, ground design, voltage errors, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by PCB wiring.

Adding bypass or decoupling capacitors on the circuit board and the location of these capacitors on the board are common sense for digital and analog designs. But interestingly, the reasons are different.

In analog wiring design, bypass capacitors are usually used to bypass high-frequency signals on the power supply. If bypass capacitors are not added, these high-frequency signals may enter sensitive analog chips through the power supply pins. Generally speaking, the frequency of these high-frequency signals exceeds the ability of analog devices to suppress high-frequency signals. If the bypass capacitor is not used in the analog circuit, noise may be introduced in the signal path, and in more serious cases, it may even cause vibration.

In analog and digital PCB design, bypass or decoupling capacitors (0.1uF) should be placed as close to the device as possible. The power supply decoupling capacitor (10uF) should be placed at the power line entrance of the circuit board. In all cases, the pins of these capacitors should be short.

 

 

On the circuit board in Figure 2, different routes are used to route the power and ground wires. Due to this improper cooperation, the electronic components and circuits on the circuit board are more likely to be subject to electromagnetic interference.

 

In the single panel of Figure 3, the power and ground wires to the components on the circuit board are close to each other. The matching ratio of the power line and the ground line in this circuit board is appropriate as shown in Figure 2. The probability of electronic components and circuits in the circuit board being subjected to electromagnetic interference (EMI) is reduced by 679/12.8 times or about 54 times.
  
For digital devices such as controllers and processors, decoupling capacitors are also required, but for different reasons. One function of these capacitors is to act as a “miniature” charge bank.

In digital circuits, a large amount of current is usually required to perform gate state switching. Since switching transient currents are generated on the chip during switching and flow through the circuit board, it is advantageous to have additional “spare” charges. If there is not enough charge when performing the switching action, the power supply voltage will change greatly. Too much voltage change will cause the digital signal level to enter an uncertain state, and may cause the state machine in the digital device to operate incorrectly.

The switching current flowing through the circuit board trace will cause the voltage to change, and the circuit board trace has parasitic inductance. The following formula can be used to calculate the voltage change: V = LdI/dt. Among them: V = voltage change, L = circuit board trace inductance, dI = current change through the trace, dt = current change time.
  
Therefore, for many reasons, it is better to apply bypass (or decoupling) capacitors at the power supply or at the power supply pins of active devices.

 

The power cord and ground wire should be routed together

The position of the power cord and the ground wire are well matched to reduce the possibility of electromagnetic interference. If the power line and the ground line are not properly matched, a system loop will be designed and noise will likely be generated.

An example of a PCB design where the power line and ground line are not properly matched is shown in Figure 2. On this circuit board, the designed loop area is 697cm². Using the method shown in Figure 3, the possibility of radiated noise on or off the circuit board inducing voltage in the loop can be greatly reduced.

 

The difference between analog and digital wiring strategies

▍The ground plane is a problem

The basic knowledge of circuit board wiring is applicable to both analog and digital circuits. A basic rule of thumb is to use an uninterrupted ground plane. This common sense reduces the dI/dt (change in current with time) effect in digital circuits, which changes the ground potential and causes noise to enter analog circuits.

The wiring techniques for digital and analog circuits are basically the same, with one exception. For analog circuits, there is another point to note, that is, keep the digital signal lines and loops in the ground plane as far away from the analog circuits as possible. This can be achieved by connecting the analog ground plane to the system ground connection separately, or placing the analog circuit at the far end of the circuit board, which is the end of the line. This is done to keep the external interference on the signal path to a minimum.

There is no need to do this for digital circuits, which can tolerate a lot of noise on the ground plane without problems.

 

Figure 4 (left) isolates the digital switching action from the analog circuit and separates the digital and analog parts of the circuit. (Right) The high frequency and low frequency should be separated as much as possible, and the high frequency components should be close to the circuit board connectors.

 

Figure 5 Layout two close traces on the PCB, it is easy to form parasitic capacitance. Due to the existence of this kind of capacitance, a rapid voltage change on one trace can generate a current signal on the other trace.

 

 

 

Figure 6 If you do not pay attention to the placement of the traces, the traces in the PCB may produce line inductance and mutual inductance. This parasitic inductance is very harmful to the operation of circuits including digital switching circuits.

 

▍Component location

As mentioned above, in each PCB design, the noise part of the circuit and the “quiet” part (non-noise part) should be separated. Generally speaking, digital circuits are “rich” in noise and are insensitive to noise (because digital circuits have a larger voltage noise tolerance); on the contrary, the voltage noise tolerance of analog circuits is much smaller.

Of the two, analog circuits are the most sensitive to switching noise. In the wiring of a mixed-signal system, these two circuits should be separated, as shown in Figure 4.
  
▍Parasitic components generated by PCB design

Two basic parasitic elements that may cause problems are easily formed in PCB design: parasitic capacitance and parasitic inductance.

When designing a circuit board, placing two traces close to each other will generate parasitic capacitance. You can do this: On two different layers, place one trace on top of the other trace; or on the same layer, place one trace next to the other trace, as shown in Figure 5.
  
In these two trace configurations, changes in voltage over time (dV/dt) on one trace may cause current on the other trace. If the other trace is high impedance, the current generated by the electric field will be converted into voltage.
  
Fast voltage transients most often occur on the digital side of the analog signal design. If the traces with fast voltage transients are close to high-impedance analog traces, this error will seriously affect the accuracy of the analog circuit. In this environment, analog circuits have two disadvantages: their noise tolerance is much lower than that of digital circuits; and high impedance traces are more common.
  
Using one of the following two techniques can reduce this phenomenon. The most commonly used technique is to change the size between traces according to the capacitance equation. The most effective size to change is the distance between the two traces. It should be noted that the variable d is in the denominator of the capacitance equation. As d increases, the capacitive reactance will decrease. Another variable that can be changed is the length of the two traces. In this case, the length L decreases, and the capacitive reactance between the two traces will also decrease.
  
Another technique is to lay a ground wire between these two traces. The ground wire is low impedance, and adding another trace like this will weaken the interference electric field, as shown in Figure 5.
  
The principle of parasitic inductance in the circuit board is similar to that of parasitic capacitance. It is also to lay out two traces. On two different layers, place one trace on top of the other trace; or on the same layer, place one trace next to the other, as shown in Figure 6.

In these two wiring configurations, the current change (dI/dt) of a trace with time, due to the inductance of this trace, will generate voltage on the same trace; and due to the existence of mutual inductance, it will A proportional current is generated on the other trace. If the voltage change on the first trace is large enough, interference may reduce the voltage tolerance of the digital circuit and cause errors. This phenomenon does not only occur in digital circuits, but this phenomenon is more common in digital circuits because of the large instantaneous switching currents in digital circuits.
  
To eliminate potential noise from electromagnetic interference sources, it is best to separate “quiet” analog lines from noisy I/O ports. To try to achieve a low-impedance power and ground network, the inductance of digital circuit wires should be minimized, and the capacitive coupling of analog circuits should be minimized.
  
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Conclusion

After the digital and analog ranges are determined, careful routing is essential to a successful PCB. Wiring strategy is usually introduced to everyone as a rule of thumb, because it is difficult to test the ultimate success of the product in a laboratory environment. Therefore, despite the similarities in the wiring strategies of digital and analog circuits, the differences in their wiring strategies must be recognized and taken seriously.