No ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka papa kaapuni paʻi e pono ke kūkulu ʻia a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia, pono e hana pono ka PCB. ʻO ia ke kī i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana he nui, a hiki i nā hemahema ke kumu i nā hopena koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā, ka hana ʻana, a me ke kaʻina hana he mea nui e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka huahana i nā kūlana maikaʻi a hana e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. I kēia lā, paʻakikī loa nā PCB. ʻOiai ʻo kēia paʻakikī e hāʻawi i kahi lumi no nā hiʻohiʻona hou, lawe pū kekahi i kahi pilikia nui o ka hiki ʻole. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka PCB, ka ʻenehana nānā a me ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻoia i kona maikaʻi e lilo i ʻoi aku ka holomua.

E koho i ka ʻenehana ʻike pono ma o ke ʻano PCB, nā ʻanuʻu o kēia manawa i ke kaʻina hana a me nā hewa e hoʻāʻo ʻia. He mea nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā nānā pono a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻoia i nā huahana kiʻekiʻe.

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No ke aha mākou e pono ai e nānā i ka PCB?
ʻO ka nānā ʻana he hana nui i nā kaʻina hana PCB āpau. Hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā hemahema PCB i mea e hoʻoponopono ai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB hiki ke hōʻike i nā hemahema e hiki mai ana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana. Hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hemahema hoʻolālā i loaʻa. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB ma hope o kēlā me kēia pae o ke kaʻina hiki ke loaʻa nā hemahema ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka pae aʻe, no laila e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka manawa a me ke kālā e kūʻai i nā huahana kīnā. Hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hemahema hoʻokahi manawa e pili ana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā PCB. Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana e hōʻoia i ka kūlike o ka maikaʻi ma waena o ka papa kaapuni a me ka huahana hope.

Me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina hana nānā PCB kūpono, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā papa kaapuni hemahema i nā mea kūʻai aku. Inā loaʻa i ka mea kūʻai kahi huahana kīnā ʻole, hiki i ka mea hana ke loaʻa nā poho ma muli o ka uku hōʻoia a hoʻihoʻi paha. E nalowale ana ka hilinaʻi o nā mea kūʻai aku i ka ʻoihana, a laila e hōʻino ai i ka inoa ʻoihana. Inā hoʻoneʻe nā mea kūʻai aku i kā lākou ʻoihana i nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hiki i kēia kūlana ke alakaʻi i nā manawa nalo.

I ka hihia maikaʻi loa, inā hoʻohana ʻia kahi PCB hemahema i nā huahana e like me nā mea lapaʻau a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāpana kaʻa, hiki ke hōʻeha a make paha. Hiki i ia mau pilikia ke alakaʻi i ka nalowale inoa nui a me ka hoʻopiʻi kumukūʻai.

Hiki i ka nānā ʻana PCB ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana PCB holoʻokoʻa. Inā ʻike pinepine ʻia kahi kīnā, hiki ke hana i nā hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hemahema.

ʻO ke ʻano nānā ʻana o ka papa kaapuni paʻi
He aha ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB? No ka hōʻoia i hiki i ka PCB ke hana e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, pono ka mea hana e hōʻoia i ka hui pono ʻana o nā mea āpau. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma o ke ʻano o nā ʻenehana, mai ka nānā lima maʻalahi i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako nānā PCB holomua.

He wahi hoʻomaka maikaʻi ka nānā lima lima. No nā PCB maʻalahi, pono paha ʻoe iā lākou.
Nānā maka lima:
ʻO ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB ʻo ia ka nānā ʻike maka lima (MVI). No ka hana ʻana i ia mau hoʻāʻo, hiki i nā limahana ke nānā i ka papa me ka maka a i ʻole e hoʻonui. E hoʻohālikelike lākou i ka papa me ka palapala hoʻolālā no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kikoʻī āpau. E ʻimi pū lākou i nā waiwai paʻamau maʻamau. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hemahema a lākou e ʻimi nei ma muli o ke ʻano o ka papa kaapuni a me nā ʻāpana ma luna.

He mea pono ke hana MVI ma hope o kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o ke kaʻina hana PCB (me ka hui pū ʻana).

Nānā ka mea nānā i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka papa kaapuni a nānā i nā hemahema maʻamau i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. Hiki i kahi papa inoa nānā nānā PCB maʻamau ke komo i kēia:
E hōʻoia i ka mānoanoa o ka papa kaapuni pololei, a nānā i ka roughness ili a me ka warpage.
E nānā inā kūpono ka nui o ka mea i nā kikoʻī, a e nānā pono i ka nui e pili ana i ka mea hoʻohui uila.
E nānā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ka maopopo o ke ʻano conductive, a e nānā i nā alahaka kūʻai, nā kaapuni hāmama, nā burrs a me nā hakahaka.
E nānā i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili a laila e nānā i nā niho, nā niho, nā ʻōpala, nā pinholes a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe ma nā meheu i paʻi ʻia a me nā pad.
E hōʻoia i ka pololei o nā puka a pau. E hōʻoia i ʻaʻohe hemahema a i ʻole nā ​​puka kūpono ʻole, ua kūlike ke anawaena me nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā, ʻaʻohe wahi āpau a i ʻole nā ​​puʻupuʻu.
E nānā i ka paʻa, ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻōlinolino o ka pā hope, a nānā i nā hemahema i hāpai ʻia.
E loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka uhi ʻana. E nānā i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka flux plating, a inā he ʻaʻahu, paʻa a ma ke kūlana kūpono.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano nānā ʻē aʻe, he nui nā pono o MVI. Ma muli o kona maʻalahi, he haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana, ʻaʻohe mea pono kūikawā. Hiki ke hoʻokō koke ʻia kēia mau loiloi, a hiki ke hoʻohui maʻalahi i ka hopena o kekahi kaʻina hana.

No ka hana ʻana i ia mau nānā, ʻo ka mea wale nō e pono ai ka loaʻa ʻana o nā limahana limahana. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻike kūpono, hiki ke kōkua kēia ʻenehana. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hiki i nā limahana ke hoʻohana i nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā a ʻike i nā hemahema e pono e ʻike ʻia.

Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hana o kēia ʻano loiloi. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke nānā i nā ʻāpana ʻaʻole i ka laina o ka mea hana. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻia nā hui solder huna ma kēia ʻano. Hiki i nā limahana ke poina i kekahi mau hemahema, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. He mea paʻakikī ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano no ka nānā ʻana i nā papa kaapuni paʻakikī me nā mea liʻiliʻi he nui.

ʻO ka nānā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa:
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi mīkini nānā PCB no ka nānā ʻana. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka optical automated (AOI).

Hoʻohana nā ʻōnaehana AOI i nā kumu kukui he nui a hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā pahu kiʻi no ka nānā ʻana. Hoʻomālamalama ke kumu kukui i ka papa PCB mai nā kihi āpau. Lawe ka pahupaʻikiʻi i kahi kiʻi paʻa a i ʻole wikiō o ka papa kaapuni a hoʻohui iā ia e hana i kahi kiʻi piha o ka hāmeʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻōnaehana i kāna mau kiʻi i hopu ʻia me ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka papa mai nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui piha i ʻae ʻia.

Loaʻa nā lako 2D a me 3D AOI. Hoʻohana ka mīkini 2D AOI i nā kukui kala a me nā kāmela ʻaoʻao mai nā kihi he nui e nānā i nā ʻāpana i pili ke kiʻekiʻe. He mea hou nā mea hana 3D AOI a hiki ke ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāpana me ka wikiwiki a pololei.

Hiki iā AOI ke loaʻa i nā hemahema like ʻole me MVI, me nā nodules, scratches, open circuits, solder thinning, missing parts, etc.

ʻO AOI kahi ʻenehana makua a pololei i hiki ke ʻike i nā hewa he nui i nā PCB. He mea pono loa ia i nā pae he nui o ke kaʻina hana PCB. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o MVI a hoʻopau i ka hiki ke hewa kanaka. E like me MVI, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia, e like me nā pilina i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o nā pūʻulu pōlele (BGA) a me nā ʻano ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole maikaʻi paha kēia no nā PCB me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, no ka mea, hūnā a hūnā paha kekahi o nā ʻāpana.
Ana ho'āʻo laser aunoa:
ʻO ke ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka nānā ʻana i ka PCB ʻo ke ana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo laser (ALT). Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka ALT no ke ana ʻana i ka nui o nā hui solder a me nā waihona hui solder a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole.

Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana ALT i kahi laser e nānā a ana i nā ʻāpana PCB. Ke ʻike ʻia ka mālamalama mai nā ʻāpana o ka papa, hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana i ke kūlana o ke kukui e hoʻoholo ai i kona kiʻekiʻe. He ana no hoi ia i ka ikaika o ke kukuna i hoikeia no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka noonoo o ka mea. Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau ana me nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā, a i ʻole me nā papa kaapuni i ʻae ʻia e ʻike pono i nā hemahema.

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ALT he mea kūpono no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui a me kahi o nā waihona paʻi solder. Hāʻawi ia i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka alignment, viscosity, cleanliness a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe o ka paʻi paʻi solder. Hāʻawi ke ala ALT i ka ʻike kikoʻī a hiki ke ana wikiwiki ʻia. ʻO kēia mau ʻano ana he pololei akā hiki ke hoʻopilikia a pale paha.

Nānā X-ray:
Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana mauna ili, ua lilo nā PCB i mea paʻakikī. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā papa kaapuni, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a me nā pūʻolo chip e like me BGA a me ka chip scale packaging (CSP), kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai nā pilina solder huna. Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i nā pilikia i ka nānā ʻana e like me MVI a me AOI.

No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea nānā X-ray. Hoʻopili ka mea i nā hihi X e like me kona kaumaha atomika. ʻO nā mea kaumaha e hoʻonui i nā mea a me nā mea māmā e hoʻemi iki, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea. Hana ʻia ʻo Solder me nā mea koʻikoʻi e like me ke tin, ke kālā, a me ke kēpau, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ka PCB i hana ʻia me nā mea māmā e like me ke aluminika, ke keleawe, ke kalapona, a me ke silika. ʻO ka hopena, maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i ka solder i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau (me nā substrates, nā alakaʻi, a me nā kaʻa hoʻohui silicon).

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā kukuna X e like me ka mālamalama, akā hele i loko o kahi mea e hana ai i kiʻi o ia mea. Hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ke ʻike ma o ka puʻupuʻu chip a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e nānā i nā pilina solder ma lalo o lākou. Hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray ke ʻike i loko o nā hui solder e ʻike i nā ʻōhū i ʻike ʻole ʻia me AOI.

Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana X-ray ke ʻike i ka kuʻekuʻe wāwae o ka hui solder. I ka wā AOI, e uhi ʻia ka hui solder e ke alakaʻi. Eia kekahi, i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka nānā X-ray, ʻaʻohe malu e komo. No laila, hana maikaʻi ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray no nā papa kaapuni me nā ʻāpana paʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea nānā X-ray no ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray manual, a i ʻole ka ʻōnaehana X-ray maʻalahi no ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray (AXI).

He koho maikaʻi loa ka nānā ʻana i ka X-ray no nā papa kaapuni paʻakikī, a loaʻa kekahi mau hana i loaʻa ʻole i nā ʻano nānā ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hiki ke komo i nā pūʻolo chip. Hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i nā PCB i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a hiki ke hana i nā ʻike kikoʻī hou aku ma nā hui solder. ʻOi aku ka hou o ka ʻenehana, paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka helu nui o nā papa kaapuni paʻa me BGA, CSP a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole, pono ʻoe e hoʻolilo i nā lako nānā X-ray.