Ƙaddamar da tsangwama wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci a cikin zane-zane na zamani na zamani, wanda ke nuna kai tsaye da aiki da amincin tsarin duka. Ga injiniyoyin PCB, ƙirar hana tsangwama ita ce maɓalli kuma mai wahala wanda kowa ya sani.

Kasancewar tsangwama a cikin hukumar PCB
A cikin bincike na ainihi, an gano cewa akwai manyan tsangwama guda huɗu a cikin ƙirar PCB: hayaniyar samar da wutar lantarki, tsangwama layin watsawa, haɗawa da tsoma baki na lantarki (EMI).

1. Hayaniyar wutar lantarki
A cikin da'irar mai girma, ƙarar wutar lantarki yana da tasiri na musamman akan sigina mai girma. Saboda haka, farkon abin da ake bukata don samar da wutar lantarki shine ƙananan amo. A nan, ƙasa mai tsabta yana da mahimmanci kamar tushen wutar lantarki mai tsabta.

2. Layin watsawa
Akwai nau'ikan layin watsawa iri biyu kawai mai yiwuwa a cikin PCB: layin tsiri da layin microwave. Babbar matsalar layukan sadarwa ita ce tunani. Tunani zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Misali, siginar kaya zai zama babban matsayi na siginar asali da siginar echo, wanda zai kara wahalar nazarin sigina; tunani zai haifar da asarar dawowa (asara dawowa), wanda zai shafi siginar. Tasirin yana da muni kamar wanda ke haifar da kutsewar amo.

3. Haɗin kai
Siginar katsalandan da tushen tsangwama ya haifar yana haifar da tsangwama na lantarki zuwa tsarin sarrafa lantarki ta wata tashar haɗin gwiwa. Hanyar haɗakarwa ta kutse ba komai bane face yin aiki akan tsarin sarrafa lantarki ta hanyar wayoyi, sarari, layukan gama gari, da dai sauransu. Binciken ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan: haɗin kai kai tsaye, haɗin haɗin kai na yau da kullun, haɗaɗɗen capacitive, haɗaɗɗen shigar da wutar lantarki, haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗiyar radiation. da dai sauransu.

4. Tsangwama na Electromagnetic (EMI)
Tsangwama na lantarki EMI yana da nau'i biyu: tsangwama da aka gudanar da tsangwama mai haske. Tsangwama da aka yi yana nufin haɗawa (tsangwama) na sigina a kan hanyar sadarwar lantarki ɗaya zuwa wata hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Tsangwama mai raɗaɗi yana nufin haɗin kai tushen tsoma baki (tsangwama) siginarsa zuwa wata hanyar sadarwar lantarki ta sararin samaniya. A cikin PCB mai sauri da ƙirar tsarin, manyan siginar sigina, haɗaɗɗen fil ɗin kewayawa, masu haɗawa daban-daban, da sauransu na iya zama tushen tsangwama na radiation tare da halayen eriya, wanda zai iya fitar da raƙuman ruwa na lantarki kuma yana shafar wasu tsarin ko wasu tsarin ƙasa a cikin tsarin. aikin al'ada.

PCB da matakan hana tsangwama
Zane-zane na anti-jamming na da'irar da aka buga yana da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun da'ira. Bayan haka, za mu yi wasu bayanai ne kawai kan matakan gama gari na ƙirar PCB anti-jamming.

1. Tsarin igiyar wutar lantarki
Dangane da girman allon da'irar da aka buga a halin yanzu, gwada ƙara faɗin layin wutar lantarki don rage juriyar madauki. A lokaci guda kuma, sanya jagorar layin wutar lantarki da layin ƙasa daidai da hanyar watsa bayanai, wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɓaka ikon hana amo.

2. Tsarin waya na ƙasa
Raba ƙasan dijital daga ƙasan analog. Idan akwai da'irori na dabaru da da'irori na layi akan allon kewayawa, yakamata a raba su gwargwadon yiwuwa. Ya kamata a kafa ƙasa na ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyi a layi daya a wuri guda kamar yadda zai yiwu. Lokacin da ainihin wayoyi ke da wahala, ana iya haɗa shi da wani yanki a jeri sannan a yi ƙasa a layi daya. Ya kamata a yi ƙasa da kewaye mai girma a wurare da yawa a jere, waya ta ƙasa ta zama gajere kuma mai kauri, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da grid-kamar babban yanki na ƙasa a kusa da ɓangaren mita mai girma.

Ya kamata waya ta ƙasa ta kasance mai kauri kamar yadda zai yiwu. Idan an yi amfani da layi mai bakin ciki sosai don igiyar ƙasa, yuwuwar ƙaddamar da ƙasa tana canzawa tare da halin yanzu, wanda ke rage juriyar amo. Don haka, ya kamata a kauri waya ta ƙasa ta yadda za ta iya wuce sau uku adadin da aka yarda da shi a kan allo da aka buga. Idan za ta yiwu, waya ta ƙasa ya kamata ta kasance sama da 2 ~ 3mm.

Wayar ƙasa tana samar da rufaffiyar madauki. Don allunan bugu waɗanda aka haɗa da da'irori na dijital kawai, galibin da'irori na ƙasa ana shirya su cikin madaukai don haɓaka juriyar amo.

3. Decoupling capacitor sanyi
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin al'ada na ƙirar PCB shine saita capacitors masu dacewa masu dacewa akan kowane maɓalli na allon buga.

Gaba ɗaya ƙa'idodin daidaitawa na decoupling capacitors sune:

① Haɗa 10 ~ 100uf electrolytic capacitor a fadin shigar da wutar lantarki. Idan zai yiwu, yana da kyau a haɗa zuwa 100uF ko fiye.

② Bisa ka'ida, kowane guntu da aka haɗa ya kamata a sanye shi da ma'aunin yumbu mai ƙarfi na 0.01pF. Idan tazarar allon buga bai isa ba, ana iya shirya capacitor 1-10pF don kowane kwakwalwan kwamfuta 4 ~ 8.

③Don na'urorin da ke da raunin hana surutu da manyan canje-canjen wutar lantarki lokacin da aka kashe su, kamar RAM da na'urorin ajiya na ROM, ya kamata a haɗa capacitor na decoupling kai tsaye tsakanin layin wutar lantarki da layin ƙasa na guntu.

④Kada madaidaicin jagorar ya yi tsayi da yawa, musamman ma babban ƙarfin kewayawa bai kamata ya sami gubar ba.

4. Hanyoyi don kawar da tsangwama na lantarki a cikin ƙirar PCB

① Rage madaukai: Kowane madauki daidai yake da eriya, don haka muna buƙatar rage adadin madaukai, yanki na madauki da tasirin eriya na madauki. Tabbatar cewa siginar yana da hanyar madauki ɗaya kawai a kowane maki biyu, kauce wa madaukai na wucin gadi, kuma gwada amfani da layin wutar lantarki.

②Tace: Ana iya amfani da tacewa don rage EMI duka akan layin wutar lantarki da kuma kan layin sigina. Akwai hanyoyi guda uku: decoupling capacitors, EMI filters, da abubuwan maganadisu.

③ Garkuwa.

④ Yi ƙoƙarin rage saurin na'urori masu ƙarfi.

⑤ Ƙara dielectric akai-akai na PCB kwamitin zai iya hana manyan sassa na mita kamar layin watsawa kusa da jirgi daga haskakawa waje; ƙara kaurin allon PCB da rage kaurin layin microstrip na iya hana wayan lantarki cikawa da kuma hana radiation.