PCB (Printed Circuit Board), ana kiran sunan kasar Sin bugu, wanda kuma aka sani da bugu, wani muhimmin bangaren lantarki, shi ne bangaren tallafi na kayan lantarki. Domin ana yin ta ta hanyar bugu na lantarki, ana kiranta da allon kewayawa "bugu".
Kafin PCBS, da'irori an yi su ne da wayoyi-zuwa-aya. Amincin wannan hanya yana da ƙasa sosai, saboda yayin da shekarun da'irar ke da shekaru, raguwa na layin zai sa layin layi ya karya ko gajere. Fasahar jujjuya wayoyi babbar ci gaba ce a fasahar kewayawa, wanda ke inganta tsayin daka da iya maye gurbin layin ta hanyar jujjuya karamar waya mai diamita a kusa da sandar a wurin haɗi.
Kamar yadda masana'antar lantarki ta samo asali daga bututu da relays zuwa silicon semiconductor da hadedde da'irori, girma da farashin kayan lantarki suma sun ƙi. Kayayyakin lantarki suna ƙara bayyana a ɓangaren mabukaci, wanda hakan ya sa masana'antun su nemi ƙarami kuma mafi inganci mafita. Don haka, an haifi PCB.
PCB masana'antu tsari
A samar da PCB ne sosai hadaddun, shan hudu Layer buga jirgin a matsayin misali, ta samar tsari yafi hada PCB layout, core hukumar samar, ciki PCB layout canja wurin, core hukumar hakowa da dubawa, lamination, hakowa, rami bango jan sinadaran hazo. , Canja wurin shimfidar PCB na waje, PCB etching na waje da sauran matakai.
1, Tsarin PCB
Mataki na farko a cikin samar da PCB shine tsarawa da duba Tsarin PCB. Ma'aikatar masana'anta ta PCB tana karɓar fayilolin CAD daga kamfanin ƙirar PCB, kuma tunda kowace software ta CAD tana da tsarin fayil ɗin nata na musamman, masana'antar PCB tana fassara su zuwa tsarin haɗin kai - Extended Gerber RS-274X ko Gerber X2. Sa'an nan injiniyan masana'anta zai duba ko tsarin PCB ya dace da tsarin samarwa da kuma ko akwai lahani da wasu matsaloli.
2, core farantin samar
Tsaftace farantin tagulla, idan akwai kura, zai iya kaiwa ga gajeriyar kewayawa ta ƙarshe ko karya.
PCB mai Layer 8: a zahiri an yi shi da faranti 3 masu rufaffiyar tagulla (nau'in faranti) tare da fina-finai na jan karfe 2, sannan an haɗa shi da zanen gadon da aka warke. Tsarin samarwa yana farawa daga farantin tsakiya na tsakiya (4 ko 5 yadudduka na layi), kuma ana tattara su akai-akai sannan a gyara su. Samar da PCB mai Layer 4 iri ɗaya ne, amma kawai yana amfani da allon core 1 da fina-finai na jan karfe 2.
3, Canja wurin shimfidar PCB na ciki
Na farko, ana yin yadudduka biyu na mafi yawan allon Core (Core). Bayan tsaftacewa, an rufe farantin tagulla da tagulla tare da fim mai ɗaukar hoto. Fim ɗin yana ƙarfafa lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa haske, yana samar da fim mai kariya akan foil ɗin tagulla na farantin ƙarfe.
Fim ɗin shimfidar PCB mai Layer biyu da farantin jan karfe mai Layer Layer biyu an saka su a cikin fim ɗin shimfidar PCB na saman Layer don tabbatar da cewa saman da ƙananan yadudduka na shimfidar fim ɗin PCB an jera su daidai.
Sensitizer yana haskaka fim ɗin mai hankali akan foil ɗin tagulla tare da fitilar UV. A ƙarƙashin fim ɗin bayyananne, fim ɗin mai hankali yana warkewa, kuma a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin opaque, har yanzu babu wani fim ɗin da aka warke. Rubutun tagulla da aka rufe a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin da aka warkar da shi shine layin shimfidar PCB da ake buƙata, wanda yayi daidai da rawar firinta na laser don PCB na hannu.
Sa'an nan kuma an tsabtace fim ɗin da ba a kula da shi ba tare da lemun tsami, kuma za a rufe layin da ake buƙata na tagulla da fim ɗin da aka warke.
Za a cire foil ɗin jan ƙarfe da ba a so ba tare da alkali mai ƙarfi, kamar NaOH.
Yage fim ɗin da aka warkar da shi don fallasa foil ɗin tagulla da ake buƙata don layin PCB.
4, core farantin hakowa da dubawa
An yi babban farantin cikin nasara. Sa'an nan kuma buga rami mai daidaitawa a cikin farantin tushe don sauƙaƙe daidaitawa tare da sauran albarkatun ƙasa na gaba
Da zarar an danna babban allo tare da wasu yadudduka na PCB, ba za a iya gyara shi ba, don haka dubawa yana da mahimmanci. Na'urar za ta kwatanta ta atomatik tare da zane-zane na PCB don bincika kurakurai.
5. Laminate
Anan ana buƙatar wani sabon ɗanyen abu mai suna Semi-curing sheet, wanda shine manne tsakanin core board da core board (Lambar PCB Layer>4), da kuma core board da na waje na tagulla, sannan kuma yana taka rawa. na rufi.
An gyara ƙananan foil ɗin tagulla da yadudduka biyu na takardar da aka warkar da su ta hanyar ramin daidaitawa da farantin ƙarfe na ƙasa a gaba, sa'an nan kuma an sanya farantin core ɗin da aka yi a cikin ramin daidaitawa, sannan a ƙarshe yadudduka biyu na Semi-warke. sheet, Layer na tagulla foil da Layer na matsi aluminum farantin an rufe a core farantin bi da bi.
Ana sanya allunan PCB waɗanda ke danne da faranti na ƙarfe a kan madaidaicin, sa'an nan kuma a aika zuwa injin zafi don lamination. Babban zafin jiki na injin zafi mai zafi yana narkar da resin epoxy a cikin takardar da aka warke, yana riƙe da ainihin faranti da foil ɗin tagulla tare a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.
Bayan an gama lamination, cire farantin ƙarfe na saman yana danna PCB. Daga nan sai a dauke farantin aluminium da aka matse, sannan kuma farantin aluminium kuma yana da alhakin ware PCBS daban-daban da kuma tabbatar da cewa foil ɗin tagulla a kan PCB na waje yana da santsi. A wannan lokacin, ɓangarorin biyu na PCB ɗin da aka fitar za a rufe su da ɗigon tagulla mai santsi.
6. Hakowa
Don haɗa nau'i-nau'i huɗu na foil ɗin tagulla ba tare da tuntuɓar juna ba a cikin PCB tare, da farko zazzage rami ta sama da ƙasa don buɗe PCB, sannan a daidaita bangon ramin don gudanar da wutar lantarki.
Ana amfani da na'urar hakowa ta X-ray don gano ainihin allo na ciki, kuma na'urar za ta gano ta atomatik kuma ta gano ramin da ke kan babban allo, sannan ta buga ramin da ke kan PCB don tabbatar da cewa hakowar na gaba ta kasance ta tsakiya. ramin.
Sanya Layer na aluminum sheet akan na'ura mai naushi kuma sanya PCB akansa. Domin inganta iya aiki, 1 zuwa 3 kwatankwacin kwamfyutocin PCB iri ɗaya za a tara su tare don huɗa bisa ga adadin yadudduka na PCB. A ƙarshe, an rufe wani farantin aluminum a saman PCB, kuma na sama da na ƙasa na farantin aluminum don haka lokacin da bututun yana hakowa da hakowa, foil ɗin tagulla akan PCB ba zai tsage ba.
A cikin tsarin lamincin da ya gabata, an matse resin epoxy mai narkewa zuwa wajen PCB, don haka ana buƙatar cire shi. Injin niƙa bayanin martaba yana yanke gefen PCB bisa ga madaidaitan daidaitawar XY.
7. Hazo sinadarai na jan karfe na bangon pore
Tunda kusan dukkanin ƙirar PCB suna amfani da perforations don haɗa nau'ikan wayoyi daban-daban, haɗin gwiwa mai kyau yana buƙatar fim ɗin jan karfe 25 micron akan bangon rami. Wannan kauri na fim ɗin jan ƙarfe yana buƙatar samun nasara ta hanyar lantarki, amma bangon rami ya ƙunshi resin epoxy mara ƙarfi da allo na fiberglass.
Sabili da haka, mataki na farko shine a tara wani Layer na kayan aiki akan bangon ramin, kuma a samar da fim din jan karfe 1 micron a kan dukkanin PCB, ciki har da bangon ramin, ta hanyar sinadarai. Dukkanin tsari, kamar maganin sinadarai da tsaftacewa, injin yana sarrafa shi.
Kafaffen PCB
PCB mai tsabta
Shipping PCB
8, Canja wurin shimfidar PCB na waje
Next, m PCB layout za a canjawa wuri zuwa tagulla tsare, da kuma tsari ne kama da baya ciki core PCB layout canja wurin manufa, wanda shi ne yin amfani da photocopied fim da m fim don canja wurin PCB layout zuwa jan karfe tsare, da kawai bambanci shi ne cewa za a yi amfani da fim mai kyau a matsayin allon.
Canja wurin shimfidar PCB na ciki yana ɗaukar hanyar ragewa, kuma ana amfani da fim mara kyau azaman allo. PCB an rufe shi da ingantaccen fim ɗin daukar hoto don layin, tsaftace fim ɗin hoto mara ƙarfi, foil ɗin jan ƙarfe da aka fallasa an ɗora shi, layin PCB ɗin yana kiyaye shi ta ingantaccen fim ɗin hoto da hagu.
Canja wurin shimfidar PCB na waje yana ɗaukar hanyar al'ada, kuma ana amfani da fim mai kyau azaman allon. PCB an rufe shi da fim ɗin da aka warkar da mai ɗaukar hoto don yankin da ba layi ba. Bayan tsaftace fim ɗin da ba a kula da shi ba, ana yin electroplating. Inda akwai fim, ba za a iya sanya shi da lantarki ba, kuma inda babu fim, sai a yi masa fenti da tagulla, sannan a yi kwano. Bayan an cire fim ɗin, ana yin etching na alkaline, kuma a ƙarshe an cire tin. An bar tsarin layin a kan allo saboda an kiyaye shi da tin.
Matsa PCB kuma sanya tagulla akan ta. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, don tabbatar da cewa ramin yana da isasshen ƙarfin aiki, fim ɗin tagulla da aka sanya a jikin bangon ramin dole ne ya kasance yana da kauri na 25 microns, don haka gabaɗayan tsarin za a sarrafa ta atomatik ta hanyar kwamfuta don tabbatar da daidaitonsa.
9, PCB etching na waje
Ana kammala aikin etching ta cikakken bututu mai sarrafa kansa. Da farko, an goge fim ɗin hotuna masu ɗaukar hoto akan allon PCB. Sannan a wanke shi da alkali mai karfi don cire foil din tagulla da ba a so da ya lullube shi. Sa'an nan kuma cire murfin kwano a kan shimfidar PCB tagulla tare da maganin cirewa. Bayan tsaftacewa, tsarin PCB mai Layer 4 ya cika.