01
Ka'idoji na asali na shimfidar abubuwa
1. Bisa ga tsarin kewayawa, don yin shimfidar wuri da da'irori masu alaƙa waɗanda suka sami aiki iri ɗaya ana kiran su module.Abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin kewayawa ya kamata su ɗauki ka'idar maida hankali a kusa, kuma ya kamata a raba da'irar dijital da da'irar analog;
2. Ba za a ɗora abubuwa ko na'urori a cikin 1.27mm na ramukan da ba a ɗaure ba kamar ramukan sakawa, daidaitattun ramuka, da 3.5mm (na M2.5) da 4mm (na M3) na 3.5mm (na M2.5) da 4mm (na M3) ba za a bari ya hau abubuwan da aka gyara ba;
3. Guji sanya ta ramuka a ƙarƙashin resistors da aka ɗora a kwance, inductor (plug-ins), capacitors electrolytic da sauran abubuwan da aka gyara don guje wa gajeriyar kewayawa ta vias da harsashin ɓangaren bayan siyar da igiyar ruwa;
4. Nisa tsakanin waje na bangaren da gefen allon shine 5mm;
5. Nisa tsakanin waje na kushin kayan haɓakawa da waje na ɓangaren haɗin gwiwar da ke kusa ya fi 2mm;
6. Abubuwan harsashi na ƙarfe da sassa na ƙarfe (akwatunan garkuwa, da sauransu) kada su taɓa sauran abubuwan, kuma kada su kasance kusa da layukan da aka buga da pads.Nisa tsakanin su ya kamata ya fi 2mm.Girman ramin matsayi, ramin shigarwa na fastener, rami na oval da sauran ramukan murabba'in a cikin jirgi daga waje na gefen allon ya fi 3mm;
7. Abubuwan zafi kada su kasance kusa da wayoyi da abubuwa masu zafi;Ya kamata a rarraba abubuwa masu zafi da yawa a ko'ina;
8. Ya kamata a shirya soket ɗin wutar lantarki a kewayen allon da aka buga gwargwadon iyawa, kuma a shirya soket ɗin wutar lantarki da tashar motar bas da ke da alaƙa da ita a gefe ɗaya.Ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman don kada a shirya kwasfa na wutar lantarki da sauran masu haɗin walda tsakanin masu haɗin don sauƙaƙe waldawar waɗannan kwasfa da masu haɗawa, da kuma ƙira da ɗaure igiyoyin wutar lantarki.Ya kamata a yi la'akari da tazara ta tanadin wutar lantarki da masu haɗin walda don sauƙaƙe toshewa da cire filogin wutar lantarki;
9. Shirye-shiryen sauran abubuwan da aka gyara:
Duk abubuwan haɗin IC suna daidaitawa a gefe ɗaya, kuma polarity na abubuwan polar yana da alama a fili.Ba za a iya yin alama a cikin fiye da kwatance biyu ba.Lokacin da kwatance biyu suka bayyana, al'amuran biyu suna daidai da juna;
10. Waya a kan saman jirgi ya zama mai yawa kuma mai yawa.Lokacin da bambance-bambancen yawa ya yi girma, ya kamata a cika shi da tagulla na jan karfe, kuma grid ya kamata ya fi 8mil (ko 0.2mm);
11. Kada a sami ta ramuka a kan SMD pads don kauce wa asarar solder manna da kuma haifar da ƙarya soldering na aka gyara.Ba a ba da izinin layukan sigina masu mahimmanci su wuce tsakanin fil ɗin soket;
12. Faci yana daidaitawa a gefe ɗaya, jagorancin hali iri ɗaya ne, kuma jagorar marufi iri ɗaya ne;
13. Kamar yadda zai yiwu, na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su ya kamata su kasance daidai da alamar alamar polarity akan wannan jirgi.

Ka'idojin wayoyi na sashi

1. Zana yankin waya a cikin 1mm daga gefen allon PCB kuma a cikin 1mm a kusa da rami mai hawa, an haramta wayoyi;
2. Ya kamata layin wutar lantarki ya kasance mai faɗi kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma kada ya kasance ƙasa da 18mil;fadin layin siginar kada ya zama ƙasa da mil 12;shigar da cpu da layin fitarwa kada su kasance ƙasa da mil 10 (ko 8mil);tazarar layin bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da mil 10 ba;
3. Al'ada ta hanyar ba ta kasa da 30mil;
4. Dual in-line: 60mil pad, 40mil budewa;
1 / 4W juriya: 51 * 55mil (0805 saman dutse);lokacin cikin layi, kushin shine 62mil kuma buɗewar shine 42mil;
Ƙarfin da ba shi da iyaka: 51 * 55mil (0805 saman dutse);lokacin cikin layi, kushin shine 50mil, kuma buɗewar shine 28mil;
5. Lura cewa layin wutar lantarki da layin ƙasa ya kamata ya zama radial kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma layin siginar ba dole ba ne a madauki.

03
Yadda za a inganta ikon hana tsangwama da daidaitawar lantarki?
Yadda za a haɓaka ikon hana tsangwama da daidaitawar lantarki yayin haɓaka samfuran lantarki tare da na'urori masu sarrafawa?

1. Ya kamata wadannan tsare-tsare su ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tsangwama na hana wutar lantarki:
(1) Tsari inda mitar agogon microcontroller ke da girma sosai kuma hawan bas yana da sauri sosai.
(2) Tsarin yana ƙunshe da manyan na'urori masu ƙarfi, na'urorin tuƙi na yau da kullun, irin su relays masu samar da walƙiya, manyan maɓalli na yanzu, da sauransu.
(3) Tsarin da ke ƙunshe da siginar siginar analog mai rauni da kuma madaidaicin juyawa na A/D.

2. Ɗauki matakan masu zuwa don ƙara ƙarfin tsoma baki na tsarin:
(1) Zaɓi microcontroller tare da ƙananan mitar:
Zaɓin microcontroller tare da ƙananan mitar agogo na waje na iya rage yawan hayaniya yadda ya kamata da haɓaka ikon hana tsangwama na tsarin.Don raƙuman murabba'i da raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na mitar guda ɗaya, manyan abubuwan haɗin mitar a cikin raƙuman murabba'in sun fi na a cikin sine wave.Ko da yake girman maɗaukakiyar maɗaukakiyar maɗaurin raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ya fi ƙanƙara fiye da na asali, mafi girman mita, mafi sauƙi shi ne fitarwa a matsayin tushen amo.Maɗaukakin ƙarar ƙarar hayaniyar da ke haifar da ƙararrawa shine kusan sau 3 na mitar agogo.

(2) Rage murdiya a watsa sigina
Ana kera na'urori na microcontroller musamman ta amfani da fasahar CMOS mai sauri.Matsakaicin shigarwa na halin yanzu na tashar shigar da siginar yana kusan 1mA, ƙarfin shigarwar kusan 10PF ne, kuma abin shigar yana da girma sosai.Wurin fitarwa na da'irar CMOS mai sauri yana da ƙarfin nauyi mai yawa, wato, ƙimar fitarwa mai girma.Tsawon waya yana kaiwa zuwa tashar shigarwa tare da matsananciyar shigarwar shigarwa sosai, matsalar tunani tana da matukar tsanani, zai haifar da ɓarna na sigina da kuma ƙara yawan sautin tsarin.Lokacin da Tpd>Tr, ya zama matsalar layin watsawa, kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da matsaloli irin su tunanin sigina da matching impedance.

Lokacin jinkiri na siginar akan allon buga yana da alaƙa da halayen halayen gubar, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin dielectric na bugu na allon da'ira.Ana iya la'akari da kusan cewa saurin watsa siginar akan jagorar bugu yana kusan 1/3 zuwa 1/2 na saurin haske.Tr (lokacin jinkiri na daidaitaccen lokaci) na abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na dabaru a cikin tsarin da ya ƙunshi microcontroller yana tsakanin 3 da 18 ns.

A kan allon da'irar da aka buga, siginar yana wucewa ta hanyar resistor 7W da jagora mai tsayi 25cm, kuma lokacin jinkiri akan layin yana tsakanin 4 ~ 20ns.A takaice dai, guntuwar siginar siginar akan da'irar da aka buga, mafi kyau, kuma mafi tsayi kada ya wuce 25cm.Kuma adadin ta hanyar ya kamata ya zama ƙanƙanta kamar yadda zai yiwu, zai fi dacewa kada ya wuce biyu.
Lokacin da lokacin tashin siginar ya yi sauri fiye da lokacin jinkirin siginar, dole ne a sarrafa shi daidai da na'urorin lantarki mai sauri.A wannan lokacin, ya kamata a yi la'akari da ma'auni na impedance na layin watsawa.Don watsa siginar tsakanin hadedde tubalan akan allon da'ira, ya kamata a guji halin Td>Trd.Girman allon kewayawa da aka buga, saurin tsarin ba zai iya zama ba.
Yi amfani da ƙarshe na gaba don taƙaita ƙa'idar ƙirar allon da'ira:
Ana watsa siginar akan allo da aka buga, kuma lokacin jinkirinsa bai kamata ya fi lokacin jinkiri na na'urar da aka yi amfani da shi ba.

(3) Rage tsangwama* tsakanin layin sigina:
Ana watsa siginar mataki tare da tashin lokacin Tr a batu A zuwa tasha B ta gubar AB.Lokacin jinkirin siginar akan layin AB shine Td.A aya D, saboda isar da siginar gaba daga aya A, siginar siginar bayan isa ga ma'ana B da jinkirin layin AB, za a jawo siginar bugun bugun shafi tare da faɗin Tr bayan lokacin Td.A batu C, saboda watsawa da kuma tunanin siginar akan AB, ana haifar da siginar bugun jini mai kyau tare da nisa sau biyu lokacin jinkirta siginar akan layin AB, wato, 2Td.Wannan ita ce tsangwama tsakanin sigina.Ƙarfin siginar tsangwama yana da alaƙa da di / at na siginar a batu C da nisa tsakanin layin.Lokacin da layin siginar biyu ba su da tsayi sosai, abin da kuke gani akan AB shine ainihin madaidaicin bugun jini guda biyu.

Karamin sarrafawa da fasahar CMOS ta yi yana da babban abin shigar da ƙara, ƙarar hayaniya, da jurewar amo.Da'irar dijital tana da ƙarfi tare da ƙarar 100 ~ 200mv kuma baya shafar aikinta.Idan layin AB a cikin adadi siginar analog ne, wannan tsangwama ya zama mara haƙuri.Misali allon da aka buga shi ne allo mai Layer hudu, daya daga cikinsu babban fili ne, ko kuma allo mai gefe biyu, sannan idan gefen siginar ya zama babban fili, giciye * za a rage tsangwama tsakanin irin waɗannan sigina.Dalilin shi ne cewa babban yanki na ƙasa yana rage halayen halayen siginar siginar, kuma alamar siginar a ƙarshen D yana raguwa sosai.Halayen impedance ya bambanta da murabba'in dielectric akai-akai na matsakaici daga layin siginar zuwa ƙasa, kuma daidai da logarithm na halitta na kauri na matsakaici.Idan layin AB siginar analog ne, don guje wa tsoma bakin layin siginar dijital na CD zuwa AB, ya kamata a sami babban yanki a ƙarƙashin layin AB, kuma nisa tsakanin layin AB da layin CD ya kamata ya fi 2. zuwa sau 3 nisa tsakanin layin AB da ƙasa.Ana iya yin garkuwa da shi, kuma ana sanya wayoyi na ƙasa a gefen hagu da dama na gubar a gefe tare da gubar.

(4) Rage hayaniya daga wutar lantarki
Yayin da wutar lantarki ke ba da kuzari ga tsarin, yana kuma ƙara ƙararsa ga wutar lantarki.Layin sake saiti, layin katsewa, da sauran layukan sarrafawa na microcontroller a cikin da'irar sun fi kamuwa da tsangwama daga hayaniyar waje.Tsangwama mai ƙarfi akan grid ɗin wuta yana shiga cikin kewayawa ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki.Ko da a cikin tsarin da ke da ƙarfin baturi, baturin da kansa yana da ƙara mai girma.Siginar analog a cikin da'irar analog ko da ƙasa ce ta iya jure tsangwama daga wutar lantarki.

(5) Kula da manyan halayen mitar bugu na allunan waya da aka gyara
A cikin yanayin mita mai girma, ba za a iya watsi da jagororin, vias, resistors, capacitors, da rarrabawar inductance da capacitance na masu haɗawa akan allon da aka buga ba.Ba za a iya watsi da inductance na capacitor ba, kuma ba za a iya watsi da karfin da aka rarraba na inductor ba.Juriya yana haifar da alamar sigina mai girma, kuma ƙarfin da aka rarraba na gubar zai taka rawa.Lokacin da tsayin ya fi 1/20 na madaidaicin madaidaicin zangon amo, ana haifar da tasirin eriya, kuma ƙarar tana fitowa ta cikin gubar.

Ta hanyar ramukan allon da'ira da aka buga yana haifar da kusan 0.6 pf na iya aiki.
Kayan marufi na haɗaɗɗiyar da'irar kanta tana gabatar da capacitors 2 ~ 6pf.
Mai haɗawa akan allon kewayawa yana da inductance mai rarrabawa na 520nH.Dual-in-line 24-pin hadedde skewer kewayawa yana gabatar da inductance rarraba 4 ~ 18nH.
Waɗannan ƙananan sigogin rarrabawa ba su da kyau a cikin wannan layin ƙananan tsarin microcontroller;dole ne a biya kulawa ta musamman ga tsarin sauri.

(6) Ya kamata a raba shimfidar abubuwan da aka gyara a hankali
Matsayin abubuwan da aka haɗa akan allon da'ira da aka buga ya kamata yayi la'akari da matsalar tsangwama ta anti-electromagnetic.Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idodin shi ne cewa jagoranci tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara ya kamata ya zama gajere sosai.A cikin shimfidar wuri, ɓangaren siginar analog, ɓangaren da'irar dijital mai sauri, da ɓangaren tushen amo (kamar relays, manyan maɗaukaki na yau da kullun, da sauransu) yakamata a rabu da su cikin haƙiƙa don rage haɗin siginar a tsakanin su.

G Sarrafa wayar ƙasa
A kan allon da aka buga, layin wutar lantarki da layin ƙasa sune mafi mahimmanci.Hanya mafi mahimmanci don shawo kan tsangwama na electromagnetic ita ce ƙasa.
Don bangarori biyu, shimfidar waya ta ƙasa ta musamman.Ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙasa mai mahimmanci guda ɗaya, wutar lantarki da ƙasa suna haɗawa da allon da aka buga daga dukkan sassan wutar lantarki.Wutar lantarki tana da lamba ɗaya kuma ƙasa tana da lamba ɗaya.A kan allon da'irar da aka buga, dole ne a sami wayoyi masu dawowa da yawa, waɗanda za a tattara su a wurin tuntuɓar wutar lantarki na dawowa, wanda shine abin da ake kira ƙasa mai lamba ɗaya.Abin da ake kira filin analog, ƙasa na dijital, da rarrabuwar ƙasa mai ƙarfi na na'urar tana nufin rabuwar wayoyi, kuma a ƙarshe duk sun haɗu zuwa wannan matakin ƙasa.Lokacin haɗawa da sigina banda kwalayen da'irar da aka buga, galibi ana amfani da igiyoyi masu kariya.Don babban mita da sigina na dijital, duka ƙarshen kebul ɗin da aka karewa suna ƙasa.Ƙarshen kebul ɗin da aka keɓe don ƙananan siginar analog ɗin ya kamata a ƙasa.
Wuraren da ke da matukar damuwa ga hayaniya da tsangwama ko da'irori waɗanda ke da amo musamman maɗaukakiyar ƙara yakamata a kiyaye su da murfin ƙarfe.

(7) Yi amfani da capacitors na yanke da kyau.
Kyakkyawan ƙwaƙƙwarar ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na iya cire abubuwan daɗaɗɗa masu girma kamar 1GHZ.Ƙunƙarar guntuwar yumbu ko capacitors na yumbu masu yawa suna da ingantattun halayen mitoci.Lokacin zayyana allon da'ira da aka buga, dole ne a ƙara capacitor mai yankewa tsakanin ƙarfi da ƙasa na kowace haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira.Capacitor na decoupling yana da ayyuka guda biyu: a gefe guda, shi ne ma'aunin ajiyar makamashi na haɗin gwiwar da'irar, wanda ke ba da kuma shayar da caji da kuma fitar da makamashi a lokacin budewa da rufe haɗin haɗin gwiwar;a daya bangaren kuma, tana ketare hayaniyar na'urar.The hankula decoupling capacitor na 0.1uf a dijital da'irori yana da 5nH rarraba inductance, da kuma a layi daya resonance mita ne game da 7MHz, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da mafi kyau decoupling sakamako ga amo kasa 10MHz, kuma yana da mafi decoupling sakamako ga amo sama da 40MHz.Kusan hayaniya ba ta da wani tasiri.

1uf, 10uf capacitors, mitar resonance mai daidaituwa yana sama da 20MHz, tasirin cire hayaniyar mitar ya fi kyau.Yawancin lokaci yana da fa'ida a yi amfani da 1uf ko 10uf de-high mitar capacitor inda wutar ke shiga allon buga, har ma da tsarin da batir ke aiki.
Kowane guda 10 na haɗin da'irori yana buƙatar ƙara caji da fitarwa capacitor, ko kuma ana kiransa capacitor ajiya, girman capacitor zai iya zama 10uf.Zai fi kyau kada a yi amfani da capacitors electrolytic.Ana naɗe masu ƙarfin lantarki tare da yadudduka biyu na fim ɗin pu.Wannan tsarin da aka naɗe shi yana aiki azaman inductance a manyan mitoci.Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da capacitor bile ko polycarbonate capacitor.

Zaɓin ƙimar capacitor decoupling ba ta da ƙarfi, ana iya ƙididdige shi bisa ga C = 1 / f;wato, 0.1uf na 10MHz, kuma ga tsarin da ya ƙunshi microcontroller, zai iya kasancewa tsakanin 0.1uf da 0.01uf.

3. Wasu ƙwarewa wajen rage hayaniya da tsangwama na lantarki.
(1) Za a iya amfani da guntu masu saurin gudu maimakon guntu masu sauri.Ana amfani da kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu sauri a wurare masu mahimmanci.
(2) Ana iya haɗa resistor a cikin jerin don rage yawan tsalle na sama da ƙananan gefuna na kewayen sarrafawa.
(3) Yi ƙoƙarin samar da wani nau'i na damping don relays, da sauransu.
(4) Yi amfani da agogo mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ya dace da buƙatun tsarin.
(5) Na'urar samar da agogo yana kusa da na'urar da ke amfani da agogo.Ya kamata a yi ƙasa harsashi na ma'adini crystal oscillator.
(6) Rufe wurin agogo tare da waya ta ƙasa kuma a ajiye wayar agogon gajere gwargwadon yiwuwa.
(7) Ya kamata ma'aunin motsi na I/O ya kasance kusa da gefen allon da aka buga, kuma a bar shi ya bar allon bugawa da wuri-wuri.Ya kamata a tace siginar da ke shiga allon bugawa, sannan kuma a tace siginar daga wurin da ake hayaniya.A lokaci guda, ya kamata a yi amfani da jerin masu tsayayyar tasha don rage tunanin sigina.
(8) Ƙarshen MCD mara amfani ya kamata a haɗa shi zuwa babba, ko ƙasa, ko bayyana azaman ƙarshen fitarwa.Ƙarshen haɗin haɗin da ya kamata a haɗa shi da filin samar da wutar lantarki ya kamata a haɗa shi da shi, kuma kada a bar shi yana iyo.
(9) Kada a bar tashar shigar da kewayen ƙofar da ba a amfani da ita tana shawagi.Ingantacciyar tashar shigar da na'urar amplifier ɗin da ba a yi amfani da ita ba ya kamata ta zama ƙasa ta ƙasa, kuma a haɗa madaidaicin tashar shigarwa zuwa tashar fitarwa.(10) Kwamitin da aka buga ya kamata yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da layi na 45 maimakon layi 90 don rage fitar da fitarwa na waje da haɗuwa da sigina masu girma.
(11) An raba allunan da aka buga bisa ga mita da halayen canzawa na yanzu, kuma abubuwan da ke cikin amo da abubuwan da ba su da hayaniya yakamata su kasance da nisa.
(12) Yi amfani da ƙarfin maki ɗaya da ƙasa mai ma'ana ɗaya don fanai ɗaya da biyu.Layin wutar lantarki da layin ƙasa ya kamata ya kasance mai kauri sosai.Idan tattalin arzikin yana da araha, yi amfani da allon multilayer don rage ƙarfin inductance na samar da wutar lantarki da ƙasa.
(13) Kiyaye agogo, bas, da guntu zaɓin sigina nesa da layukan I/O da masu haɗawa.
(14) Layin shigar da wutar lantarki na analog da tashar wutar lantarki ya kamata su yi nisa sosai daga layin siginar dijital, musamman agogo.
(15) Don na'urorin A/D, ɓangaren dijital da ɓangaren analog ɗin sun gwammace su haɗa kai fiye da mikawa*.
(16) Layin agogo daidai gwargwado ga layin I/O yana da ƙarancin tsangwama fiye da layin I/O na layi daya, kuma fitattun abubuwan agogo suna da nisa da kebul na I/O.
(17) Fil ɗin abubuwan ya kamata su kasance gajere gwargwadon yiwuwa, kuma fitilun ma'auni ya kamata ya zama gajere gwargwadon yiwuwa.
(18) Layin maɓalli ya kamata ya kasance mai kauri kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma ya kamata a ƙara ƙasa mai kariya a bangarorin biyu.Layin babban sauri ya kamata ya zama gajere kuma madaidaiciya.
(19) Layukan da ke da amo bai kamata su kasance daidai da manyan layukan sauyawa na yanzu ba.
(20) Kada ku bi wayoyi a ƙarƙashin kristal quartz ko ƙarƙashin na'urori masu amo.
(21) Don ƙananan sigina masu rauni, kar a samar da madaukai na yanzu a kusa da ƙananan mitoci.
(22) Kada ku samar da madauki don kowane sigina.Idan ba zai yuwu ba, sanya yankin madauki a matsayin ƙarami gwargwadon yiwuwa.
(23) Capacitor guda ɗaya na decoupling a kowane da'irar da aka haɗa.Dole ne a ƙara ƙaramar maɗaukakin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki mai ƙarfi zuwa kowane mai ƙarfin lantarki.
(24) Yi amfani da manyan capacitors na tantalum capacitors ko juku capacitors maimakon electrolytic capacitors don caji da fitar da ma'ajiyar makamashi.Lokacin amfani da capacitors tubular, lamarin ya kamata a ƙasa.

04
PROTEL maɓallan gajerun hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su
Page Up Zuƙowa tare da linzamin kwamfuta a matsayin tsakiya
Page Down Zuƙowa tare da linzamin kwamfuta a matsayin tsakiya.
Cibiyar Gida Matsayin da linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna
Ƙarshen wartsakewa (sakewa)
* Canja tsakanin saman saman da kasa yadudduka
+ (-) Canja Layer by Layer: "+" da "-" suna cikin kishiyar shugabanci
Q mm (milimita) da mil (mil) sauya naúrar
IM yana auna nisa tsakanin maki biyu
E x Edit X, X shine makasudin gyarawa, lambar ita ce kamar haka: (A)=arc;(C)=bangaren;(F) = cika;(P) = kumfa;(N) = hanyar sadarwa;(S) = hali ;(T) = waya;(V) = ta;(I) = layin haɗi;(G) = cikakkar polygon.Misali, idan kana son gyara wani bangare, danna EC, alamar linzamin kwamfuta zai bayyana “goma”, danna don gyarawa.
Ana iya gyara abubuwan da aka gyara.
P x Place X, X shine makasudin sanyawa, lambar tana daidai da na sama.
M x yana motsa X, X shine maƙasudin motsi, (A), (C), (F), (P), (S), (T), (V), (G) Daidai da na sama, da (I) = Juye zaɓi Sashe;(O) Juya ɓangaren zaɓi;(M) = Matsar da ɓangaren zaɓi;(R) = Maimaitawa.
S x select X, X shine zaɓin abun ciki, lambar ita ce kamar haka: (I) = yanki na ciki;(O)= yanki na waje;(A) = duk;(L) = duk a kan Layer;(K) = sashi mai kulle;(N) = cibiyar sadarwa ta jiki;(C) = layin haɗin jiki;(H) = kushin tare da ƙayyadaddun budewa;(G) = pad a waje da grid.Misali, lokacin da kake son zaɓar duk, danna SA, duk hotuna suna haskakawa don nuna cewa an zaɓi su, kuma zaka iya kwafa, share, da matsar da fayilolin da aka zaɓa.